Life Insecta Lepidoptera Ditrysia Pyraloidea Crambidae Pyraustinae

• Loxostege aemulalis (Dognin, 1905) Bolivia. See [maps]

  • Phlyctaenodes aemulalis Dognin, 1905; Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 49 (3): 77; TL: Charuplaya, Bolivia

  • Loxostege aemulalis; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 44, f. 171
• Loxostege albiceralis (Grote, 1878) California, Arizona, S.Texas, N.Mexico. See [maps]

  • Botis albiceralis Grote, 1878; Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. 4: 678; TL: Colorado Rio.

  • Loxostege albiceralis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege albiceralis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Loxostege albiceralis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]

  • Loxostege albiceralis; [MNA13.2] (A): 61, pl. 4, f. 69-72; [NACL], #4993

  Larva on Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum [MNA13.2] (A):, 61

• Loxostege allectalis (Grote, 1877) S.California - Texas, N.Mexico. See [maps]

  • Botis allectalis Grote, 1877; Can. Ent. 9 (6): 107; TL: Bosque Co., Texas
  • Eurycreon perplexalis Fernald, 1885; Can. Ent. 17 (3): 57; TL: Texas
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 63; [NACL], #5000

  • Loxostege allectalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege allectalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Loxostege allectalis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]

  • Loxostege allectalis; [NACL], #5000

  Larva on Lycium berlandieri [MNA13.2] (A):, 63

• Loxostege anartalis (Grote, 1878) -. See [maps]

  • Eurycreon anartalis Grote, 1878; Can. Ent. 10 (2): 27; TL: Soda Sprs., California

  • Loxostege anartalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege anartalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 70, pl. 4, f. 41-54, pl. G, f. 3; [NACL], #5010
  • L. a. anartalis California (Shasta Co., Siskiyou Co.)

    • Loxostege anartalis anartalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 71, pl. 4, f. 41-43, ?54
  • L. a. lulualis (Hulst, 1886) Quebec

    • Botis lulualis Hulst, 1886; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13: 150; TL: Anticosti Island, Quebec

    • Losostege anartalis lulualis; [MNA13.2] (A): 70, pl. 4, f. 51
    • Loxostege anartalis lulualis; [NACL], #5010a
  • L. a. albertalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 Manitoba - British Columbia, Alberta, Northwest Territory, Yukon, Alaska

    • Loxostege albertalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918; Contr. nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4 (2): 160, pl. 22, f. 17; TL: Gleichen, Alberta

    • Loxostege anartalis albertalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 71, pl. 4, f. 46-50; [NACL], #5010b
  • L. a. saxicolalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 Utah - Wyoming

    • Loxostege saxicolalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918; Contr. nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4 (2): 160, pl. 22, f. 16; TL: Stockton, Utah

    • Loxostege anartalis saxicolalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 71, pl. 4, f. 52-53; [NACL], #5010c
  • L. a. rainierensis Munroe, 1976 Washington

    • Loxostege anartalis rainierensis Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 71, pl. 4, f. 44-45, pl. G, f. 3; TL: Mt. Rainier, Washington

    • Loxostege anartalis rainierensis; [NACL], #5010d
• Loxostege annaphilalis (Grote, 1881) SW.California (Kern Co. - San Diego Co.). See [maps]

  • Botis annaphilalis Grote, 1881; Can. Ent. 13 (2): 34; TL: Havilah, California

  • Loxostege annaphilalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege annaphilalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 68, pl. 4, f. 67-68, pl. G, f. 8, (B): pl. R, f. 5; [NACL], #5007
• Loxostege brunneitincta Munroe, 1976 California, Oregon, Nevada, Colorado. See [maps]

  • Loxostege brunneitincta Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 73, pl. 4, f. 25-27, 32, pl. H, f. 4, (B): pl. S, f. 1; TL: Mt. Shasta, California

  • Loxostege brunneitincta, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege brunneitincta; [NACL], #5013
• Loxostege cereralis (Zeller, 1872) Quebec - British Columbia - Mexico, W.Texas - California. See [maps] Alfalfa Webworm

  • Eurycreon cereralis Zeller, 1872; Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 22: 517; TL: Texas, Boll.

  • Loxostege cereralis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege cereralis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Loxostege cereralis, Georgia Lepidoptera (USA) [GALEPS]

  • Loxostege cereralis; [MNA13.2] (A): 77, pl. 4, f. 6-12, 36, (B): pl. J, f. 2, pl. S, f. 4; [NACL], #5017
• Loxostege clarissalis (Schaus, 1920) Peru. See [maps]

  • Nomophila clarissalis Schaus, 1920; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 22 (8): 217; TL: Peru

  • Loxostege clarissalis; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 43, f. 176
• Loxostege conisphoralis Capps, 1967 Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. See [maps]

  • Loxostege conisphoralis Capps, 1967; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 32, f. 44, 80, 127; TL: Chiapas, Mexico
• Loxostege cupreicostalis (Dyar, 1913) Mexico. See [maps]

  • Phlyctaenodes cupreicostalis Dyar, 1913; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 44 (1951): 318; TL: Guadajalara, Jalisco, Mexico

  • Loxostege cupreicostalis; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 39, f. 60, 104, 142
• Loxostege egregialis Munroe, 1976 S.Arizona. See [maps]

  • Loxostege egregialis Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 64, pl. 3, f. 11-12, pl. G, f. 5, (B): pl. R, f. 2; TL: Cave Creek Canyon, 5400', Chiricahua Mts, Cochise Co., Arizona

  • Loxostege egregialis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege egregialis; [NACL], #5003
• Loxostege federalis Capps, 1967 Mexico. See [maps]

  • Loxostege federalis Capps, 1967; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 38, f. 60, 103, 148; TL: Popocatepetl Park, Mexico
• Loxostege floridalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1913 Florida. See [maps]

  • Loxostege albiceralis floridalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1913; Contr. nat. Hist. Lep. N. Am. 2 (4): 173, pl. 2, f. 3; TL: Everglade, Florida

  • Loxostege floridalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Logostege floridalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 61, pl. 4, f. 73-74
  • Loxostege floridalis; [NACL], #4994

  Larva on Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum [MNA13.2] (A):, 61

• Loxostege fuscivenalis (Schaus, 1920) Peru. See [maps]

  • Lygropia fuscivenalis Schaus, 1920; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 22 (8): 213; TL: Peru

  • Loxostege fuscivenalis; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 46, f. 177
• Loxostege immerens (Harvey, 1875) California. See [maps]

  • Annaphila immerens Harvey, 1875; Can. Ent. 7 (8): 160; TL: California
  • Loxostege triumphalis Grote, 1902; Can. Ent. 34 (11): 295; TL: San Luis Obispo, California
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 69; [NACL], #5008

  • Loxostege immerens, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Logostege immerens; [MNA13.2] (A): 69, pl. 4, f. 55-58, pl. H, f. 1, (B): pl. R, f. 6
  • Loxostege immerens; [NACL], #5008
• Loxostege indentalis (Grote, 1883) California, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Washington, Montana. See [maps]

  • Prorasea indentalis Grote, 1883; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 11 (61): 57; TL: Washington Territory

  • Loxostege indentalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege indentalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Loxostege indentalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 61, pl. 4, f. 75-78; [NACL], #4996
• Loxostege intinctalis (Dyar, 1920) Mexico. See [maps]

  • Pachyzancla intinctalis Dyar, 1920; Ins. Insc. Menstr. 8: 34; TL: Zacualpan, Mexico

  • Loxostege intinctalis; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 38, f. 141
• Loxostege jaliscalis Capps, 1967 Mexico. See [maps]

  • Loxostege jaliscalis Capps, 1967; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 34; TL: San Luis Potosi, Mexico
• Loxostege kearfottalis Walter, 1928 California - W.Texas, Colorado. See [maps]

  • Loxostege kearfottalis Walter, 1928; Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 30 (8): 140; TL: Tempe, Arizona

  • Loxostege kearfottalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege kearfottalis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]

  • Loxostege kearfottalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 62, pl. 3, f. 1-2; [NACL], #4997
• Loxostege kingi Munroe, 1976 Nevada (Las Vegas), California (Inyo Co.). See [maps]

  • Loxostege kingi Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 67, pl. 4, f. 65-66, pl. G, f. 7, (B): pl. R, f. 4; TL: Las Vegas, Nevada

  • Loxostege kingi, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege kingi; [NACL], #5006
• Loxostege lepidalis (Hulst, 1886) Alberta, E.Washington - California, New Mexico. See [maps]

  • Prorasea lepidalis Hulst, 1886; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13: 146; TL: Colorado

  • Loxostege lepidalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege lepidalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Logostege lepidalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 61, pl. 4, f. 79-81
  • Loxostege lepidalis; [NACL], #4995
• Loxostege mojavealis Capps, 1967 California (Mojave Desert). See [maps]

  • Loxostege mojavealis Capps, 1967; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 45, f. 172, 175; TL: Mojave Desert, near Phelan, California

  • Loxostege mojavealis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege mojavealis; [MNA13.2] (A): 66, pl. 4, f. 63-64, pl. G, f. 6, (B): pl. R, f. 3; [NACL], #5005
• Loxostege naranjalis (Schaus, 1920) Brazil (São Paulo). See [maps]

  • Lygropia naranjalis Schaus, 1920; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 22 (8): 213; TL: São Paulo, Brazil

  • Loxostege naranjalis; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 45, f. 173
• Loxostege oberthuralis Fernald, 1894 S.California, S.Arizona, S.Nevada. See [maps]

  • Loxostege oberthuralis Fernald, 1894; Insect Life 6: 255; TL: Arizona, Morrison

  • Loxostege oberthuralis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege oberthuralis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Loxostege oberthuralis; [MNA13.2] (A): 63, pl. 3, f. 9-10, pl. G, f. 4, (B): pl. R, f. 1; [NACL], #5002
• Loxostege offumalis (Hulst, 1886) S.California. See [maps]

  • Botis offumalis Hulst, 1886; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13: 150; TL: San Diego, California

  • Loxostege offumalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege offumalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 75, pl. 4, f. 37-38, pl. H, f. 7; [NACL], #5014
• Loxostege peruensis Capps, 1967 Peru. See [maps]

  • Loxostege peruensis Capps, 1967; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 46, f. 178; TL: Peru
• Loxostege quaestoralis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914) S.California - New Mexico. See [maps]

  • Polingia quaestoralis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914; Contr. nat. Hist. Lep. N. Am. 2 (6): 239, pl. 1, f. 19; TL: S.Arizona

  • Loxostege quaestoralis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege quaestoralis; [MNA13.2] (A): 69, pl. 4, f. 61-62, pl. H, f. 2; [NACL], #5009
• Loxostege sierralis Munroe, 1976 -. See [maps]

  • Loxostege sierralis Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 75, pl. 4, f. 20-24, 28-31, 33-35, pl. H, f. 8; TL: 7 mi WSW of Lee Vining, California, 9600'

  • Loxostege sierralis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege sierralis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Loxostege sierralis; [NACL], #5015
  • L. s. sierralis California, Nevada

    • Loxostege sierralis sierralis; [MNA13.2] (A): 76, pl. 4, f. 28, 33-34
  • L. s. internationalis Munroe, 1976 S.British Columbia, Washington, N.Oregon

    • Loxostege sierralis internationalis Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 75, pl. 4, f. 20-24; TL: Blackwall, Manning Park, British Columbia, 6000'

    • Loxostege sierralis internationalis; [NACL], #5015a
  • L. s. tularealis Munroe, 1976 California

    • Loxostege sierralis tularealis Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 76, pl. 4, f. 35, pl. H, f. 8, (B): pl. S, f. 2; TL: Big Meadows, Tulare Co., California

    • Loxostege sierralis tularealis; [NACL], #5015b
  • L. s. sanpetealis Munroe, 1976 Utah

    • Loxostege sierralis sanpetealis Munroe, 1976; [MNA13.2] (A): 76, pl. 4, f. 29-31; TL: 17 mi E of Mayfield, Sanpete Co., Utah, 10,200'

    • Loxostege sierralis sanpetealis; [NACL], #5015c
• Loxostege subcuprea (Dognin, 1906) Argentina. See [maps]

  • Lygropia subcuprea Dognin, 1906; Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 50 (3): 121; TL: Metan, Salta, Argentina

  • Loxostege subcuprea; Capps, 1967, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 120 (3561): 43, f. 61, 174
• Loxostege terpnalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 Nevada, California (Inyo Co.). See [maps]

  • Loxostege terpnalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918; Contr. nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4 (2): 160, pl. 22, f. 20; TL: Olancha, Inyo Co., California

  • Loxostege terpnalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Loxostege terpnalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 62, pl. 3, f. 3-4; [NACL], #4998
• Loxostege typhonalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914 Arizona, N.Mexico. See [maps]

  • Loxostege typhonalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914; Contr. nat. Hist. Lep. N. Am. 2 (6): 233, pl. 1, f. 7; TL: Redington, Arizona

  • Loxostege typhonalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege typhonalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Loxostege typhonalis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]

  • Loxostege typhonalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 63, pl. 3, f. 7-8; [NACL], #5001
• Loxostege unicoloralis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914) SE.California, Arizona. See [maps]

  • Maroa unicoloralis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914; Contr. nat. Hist. Lep. N. Am. 2 (6): 237, pl. 1, f. 15; TL: Phoenix, Arizona

  • Loxostege unicoloralis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege unicoloralis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]

  • Loxostege unicoloralis; [MNA13.2] (A): 62, pl. 3, f. 18-19, (B): pl. Q, f. 9; [NACL], #4999
• Loxostege thallophilalis (Hulst, 1886) S.British Columbia - N.California, Montana. See [maps]

  • Botis thallophilalis Hulst, 1886; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13: 154, 168; TL: California
  • Noctuelia flavifimbrialis Warren, 1892; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 9 (50): 174; TL: California
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 73; [NACL], #5012

  • Loxostege thallophilalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Botis thrallophilalis[sic, recte thallophilalis]; Hulst, 1886, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13: 154 (incorr. orig. spell.)
  • Loxostege thallophyllalis; Barnes & McDunnough, 1917, (missp.)
  • Loxostege thrallophyllalis; McDunnough, 1939, (missp.)
  • Loxostege thallophilalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 72, pl. 4, f. 39-40, pl. H, f. 6, (B): pl. R, f. 7; [NACL], #5012

• Loxostege aeruginalis (Hübner, 1796)

  • Pyralis aeruginalis Hübner, 1796

  • Loxostege (Loxostege) aeruginalis; [RFEL]

  Larva on Artemisia [RFEL]

• Loxostege clathralis (Hübner, 1813)
• Loxostege comptalis (Freyer, 1848)
• Loxostege concoloralis Lederer, 1857

  • Loxostege (Loxostege) concoloralis; [RFEL]
• Loxostege deliblatica Szent-Ivány & Uhrik-Meszáros, 1942

  • Pyralis sulphuralis Hübner, 1813
    • = ; [RFEL]

  • Loxostege (Loxostege) deliblatica; [RFEL]

  Larva on Artemisia [RFEL]

• Loxostege mucosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
• Loxostege peltalis (Eversmann, 1842)
• Loxostege scutalis (Hübner, 1813)
• Loxostege tesselalis (Guenée, 1854)
• Loxostege turbidalis (Treitschke, 1829)

  • Botys turbidalis Treitschke, 1829

  • Loxostege turbidalis, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Loxostege turbidalis; [RFEL]
• Loxostege virescalis (Guenée, 1854)

• Loxostege sticticalis (Linnaeus, 1761) Palearctic, from (S.Canada, Northwest Territory, Yukon) - to (Arizona, Massachusetts). See [maps] Beet Webworm Diamond-spot Pearl

  • Pyralis sticticalis Linnaeus, 1761; Fauna Suecica (Edn 2): 352; TL: Upsala, Sweden
  • Pyralis lupulina Clerck, 1759; Icon. Ins. rariorum: pl. 9, f. 4 (preocc. Linnaeus, 1758); TL: Sweden
  • Pyralis fuscalis Hübner, 1796; Samml. eur. Schmett. [6]: 29, pl. 7, f. 45 (preocc. Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775); TL: [Augsburg, Germany]
  • Pyralis tetragonalis Haworth, 1811; Lepid. Britannica (3): 385; TL: Coomb Wood, England
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 65; [NACL], #5004
  • Botys lupulinalis Guenée, 1854; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 8: 331(emend.)

  • Loxostege sticticalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Loxostege sticticalis, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]
  • Loxostege sticticalis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]

  • Loxostege sticticalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 65, pl. 4, f. 1-5, pl. H, f. 5, (B): pl. Q, f. 10; [NACL], #5004
  • Loxostege (Margaritia) sticticalis; [RFEL]

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • Nymphula sordida Butler, 1886; auth., (part)

  Larva on Artemisia

• Loxostege commixtalis (Walker, [1866]) Fennoscandia, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontarior, Labrador - Yukon, Alaska?, . See [maps]

  • Scopula commixtalis Walker, [1866]; List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 34: 1459; TL: St. Martin's Falls, Albary R., Hudson's Bay
  • Crambus indotatellus Walker, 1866; List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 35: 1752; TL: St. Martin's Falls, Albany R., Hudson's Bay
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 77; [NACL], #5016
  • Botys septentrionalis Tengström, 1869; Notis. Sällsk. Fauna & Fl. Fenn. Förh. 10: 358; TL: Finland
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 77; [NACL], #5016

  • Loxostege commixtalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege commixtalis, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Loxostege commixtalis; [MNA13.2] (A): 77, pl. 4, f. 13-19, (B): pl. J, f. 1, pl. S, f. 3; [NACL], #5016
  • Loxostege (Margaritia) commixtalis; [RFEL]
• Loxostege melaleucalis (Eversmann, 1852)

  • Ennychia melaleucalis Eversmann, 1852
  • Botys graeseri Staudiger, 1892
    • = ; [RFEL]

  • Loxostege (Margaritia) melaleucalis; [RFEL]

• Loxostege manualis (Geyer, 1832)

  • Pyralis manualis Geyer, 1832

  • Loxostege manualis, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]
• Loxostege ephippialis (Zetterstedt, 1839) N.Scandinavia, Labrador, N.Quebec, Rocky Mountains. See [maps]

  • Botys ephippialis Zetterstedt, 1839; Insecta Lapponica: 972; TL: Dovrefjeld, Norway
  • Psodos dubitaria Zetterstedt, 1839; Insecta Lapponica: 955; TL: Dovrefjeld at Drivstuen, Norway
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 72; [NACL], #5011
  • Boreophila scandinavialis Guenée, 1854; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 8: 156; TL: Norway
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 72; [NACL], #5011
  • Boreophila frigidalis Guenée, 1854; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 8: 157, Atlas (Deltoides & Pyralides): pl. 7, f. 7; TL: Norway
    • = ; [MNA13.2] (A):, 72; [NACL], #5011

  • Loxostege ephippialis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Loxostege ephippialis, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Loxostege ephippialis; [MNA13.2] (A): 72, pl. 2, f. 29-30, pl. 4, f. 59-60, pl. H, f. 3; [NACL], #5011
  • Loxostege (Margaritia) ephippialis; [RFEL]

6.1.2019 (49)

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.