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Euchloe Hübner, [1819]
Little Whites
Euchloe Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (6): 94, TS: Euchloe ausonia var. esperi Kirby
Phyllocharis Schatz, [1886]; in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. Bd 1 (Th. 2, Lief. 2): 71 (preocc. Phyllocharis Dalman, 1824), TS: Papilio tagis Hübner
= ; [NL4A, 107]
Elphinstonia Klots, 1930; Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 28: 87, TS: Anthocharis charlonia Donzel
Euchloe, Pieridae Holarcticae [Heiner Ziegler]
Euchloe (Pierinae) ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6
Euchloe (Anthocharidini) ; [NL4A, 107]; [AfrL]

Subgenus Euchloe Hübner, 1819
Euchloe, Pieridae Holarcticae [Heiner Ziegler]

Euchloe belemia (Esper, 1800)
NAF, SWEU, Tibesti - Iran - Baluchistan. See [About maps] Green-striped White
Papilio belemia Esper, 1800; Die Schmett., Suppl. Th 1 (8-9): 92, pl. 110, f. 2, TL: S.Spain
Euchloe belemia, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe belemia, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Euchloe belemia, Captain's European Butterfly Guide [Simon Coombes]
Euchloe belemia ; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 4, f. 11]; [AfrL]; [Otakar Kudrna]
[belemia-1v.jpg] 450x390 (~51Kb) underside Alvor, Algarve, Portugal 17/03/93, Photo © Simon Coombes

Papilio glauce Hübner, [1803-1804]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [1] : pl. 107, f. 546-547, TL: Portugal
Euchloe belemia ab. desertorum Turati, 1905; Natur. Sicil. 18 (2-3): 27, pl. 2, f. 1-3, TL: Biskra (Algeria)
Euchloe belemia f. distincta Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 51, TL: Philippeville (Algeria)
Euchloe belemia ab. evanescens Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 51, TL: El Kantara (Algeria)
Euchloe belemia form. vern. röberi Rothschild, 1914; Novit. Zool. 21: 300, TL: Guelt-Es-Stel (Algeria)
Anthocharis belemia var. glauce ab. conjuncta Holl, 1917; Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 8: 86, TL: Algeria
Euchloe belemia f. marmorata Chnéour, 1934; Ent. Z. Frankf. a. M. 48: 43, f. 2, TL: Tunisia
Euchloe belemia belemia ; [BMAT: 14, pl. 5, f. 33-45]
Euchloe belemia v. glauce ; [BMAT]
Euchloe belemia belemia ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 18

Larva on Sisymbrium sp., Diplotaxis tennuisiliqua, Biscutella didyma, Sisymbrium bourgeanum [BMAT]


desertorum
[desertorum-1v.jpg] 600x435 (~29Kb) underside Morocco, Tiznit, Anti-Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier

E. b. hesperidum Rothschild, 1913
Canary Is. (Fuerteventura) Euchloe belemia hesperidum Rothschild, 1913; Novit. Zool. 20 (1) : 111, TL: Canary Is.
Euchloe belemia hesperidum ; Back, 2001, Atalanta 32 (1/2): 103-106, pl. V, f. 1-2
E. b. eversi Stamm, 1963
Canary Is. (Teneriffe, Gran Canaria) Euchloe belemia eversi Stamm, 1963; Ent. Z. 73: 47
Euchloe belemia eversi ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 17; Back, 2001, Atalanta 32 (1/2): pl. VIa, f. 3-6 (larva)
E. b. abyssinica Riley, 1928
Ethiopia belemia abyssinica Riley, 1928; Entomologist 61: 136
Euchloe belemia abyssinica ; [BAFR, 56]; [AfrL]
Israel, Asia Minor, Syria Euchloe belemia palaestinensis Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 51
Euchloe belemia palaestinensis ; Back, 2001, Atalanta 32 (1/2): pl. VIa, f. 7-8 (larva)

Euchloe crameri Butler, 1869
SWEU, Italy. See [About maps] Euchloe Crameri Butler, 1869; Ent. mon. Mag. 5 : 271, TL: S.Europe
= Euchloe ausonia melanochloros ; [BMAT]
Papilio belia Stoll, 1782; in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32-32): 225
Euchloe[?] esperi Kirby, 1871; Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 506
?Euchloe ausonia crameri gen. aest. butleri Rothschild, 1917; Novit. Zool. 24 (1): 82, TL: Spain and N.Africa
?Euchloe belia melisande Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (12) : 51, TL: Palestine
Euchloe crameri, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe ausonia var. esperi ;
Euchloe crameri ; Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): pl. III, f. 13-15 (larva); [Otakar Kudrna]

Larva on Biscutella laevigata Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): 188

Euchloe crameri crameri ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 20
?E. c. mauretanica Röber, 1907
Euchloe crameri mauretanica Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 53, pl. 22, f. d
[mauretanica-1v.jpg] 600x435 (~29Kb) underside Morocco, Ifrane, Moyen Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier


Euchloe simplonia (Freyer, 1829)
France, Italy, Switzerland. See [About maps] Pontia simplonia Freyer, 1829; Beitr. eur. Schmett. 2: pl. 75, f. 2
Euchloe simplonia, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe simplonia, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Euchloe simplonia ; Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): pl. III, f. 7-9 (larva); [Otakar Kudrna]

Larva on Biscutella laevigata Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): 188


Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, [1803-1804])
NAF, SEU, Asia Minor, Amurland, Baluchistan - Chitral. See [About maps] Dappled White Pearl White Mattfleckiger Falter
Papilio ausonia Hübner, [1803-1804]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [1] : pl. 113, f. 582-583, TL: [?]N.Italy
?ab. pulverulenta Verity, [1908]; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 178, 195
marchandae Geyer, 1832²
Euchloe ausonia, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Euchloe ausonia, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe ausonia, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Euchloe ausonia, Captain's European Butterfly Guide [Simon Coombes]
Euchloe ausonia ; [BRU, 156]; [EBW]; Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): pl. III, f. 10-12 (larva); [Otakar Kudrna]

Larva on Cruciferae, Iberis, Sisymbrium, Barbarea [H&R]

E. a. melanochloros Röber, 1907
Algeria Euchloe belia melanochloros Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 52, TL: Batna (Algeria)
Euchloe tagis mauretanica Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 53, TL: Algiers
Euchloe tagis gen. vern. algirica Oberthür, 1909; Étud. Lépid. Comp. 3 : 145, TL: Mercheria (Algeria)
Euchloe belia paravicinii Stauder, 1915; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 29 (1) : 25, TL: Dj. Aures (Algeria)
Euchloe ausonia algirica gen. aest. pseudonymus Rothschild, 1917; Novit. Zool. 24 (1): 83, TL: C. and S.Algeria
Euchloe ausonia melanochloros ; [BMAT: 11, pl. 4, f. 28-40]

Larva on Isatis tinctoria, Moricandia arvensis, Biscutella sp., Sinapis sp., Bunias sp., Iberis sp. [BMAT]

E. a. graeca Verity, [1908]
Greece, ...? ausonia graeca Verity, [1908]; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 175, pl. 36, f. 20
E. a. volgensis Krulikovsky, 1897
EU, NW.Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Armenia, Talysh, Kopet-Dagh ?volgensis Krulikovsky, 1901; Try. Soc. Nat. Sarat. 1: 36
Euchloe belia uralensis Bartel, 1902; Dt. ent. Z. Iris, 15 (2) : 188
ausonia pfaffi Trautmann, 1927; Ent. Anz.: 109
ausonia krulikowskyi Sheljuzhko, 1928; Lep. Rdsch. 2: 74
ausonia sovinskyi Sheljuzhko, 1928; Lep. Rdsch. 2: 75
E. a. transiens Verity, [1908]
Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz ausonia transiens Verity, [1908]; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 180, 338, pl. 37, f. 12
E. a. dubatolovi Korshunov, 1995
Altai Euchloe ausonia dubatolovi, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]

Euchloe daphalis (Moore, 1865)
W.Pamirs, N.Afghanistan, Pakistan, India. See [About maps] Anthocharis daphalis Moore, 1865; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (2) : 491, pl. 31, f. 14, TL: Kunawur
Euchloe daphalis, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Euchloe (ausonia) daphalis ; [BRU, 156]

Euchloe pulverata (Christoph, 1884)
E.Turkey, Transcaucasia - Iran, Afghanistan - S.Alai. See [About maps] Anthocharis belia var. pulverata Christoph, 1884; in Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 1 : 99, TL: Kizyl-Arva, Turkmenia
persica Verity, 1911
Euchloe pulverata, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Euchloe (ausonia) pulverata ; [BRU, 157]
E. p. alaica Verity, 1911
Alai pulverata alaica Verity, 1911; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 338, pl. 67, f. 33-36

Euchloe naina Kozhanchikov, 1923
Altai, N.Mongolia - Chukot Peninsula, Altai, Sayan, Transbaikalia, Amur. See [About maps] Euchloe naina Kozhanchikov, 1923; Jb. Martjanov Staatmus. Minussinsk, 1 (1): 3, TL: W.Sayan, Lake Buiba
Euchloe naina, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Euchloe naina, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Euchloe naina, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Euchloe (ausonia) naina ; [BRU, 157]
Euchloe naina ; [Opler]

Larva on Sisymbrium, Descurainia sophioides [BRU]

Euchloe ausonia naina Kozhantshikov, 1923
naina koshantschikoffi O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Euchloe simplonia naina ; Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): 194 (note), pl. II, f. 5-6
E. n. occidentalis Verity, 1908
naina occidentalis Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 175, pl. 36, f. 25-28
?naina kusnezovi Korshunov, 1995
E. n. jakutia Back, 1990
Euchloe simplonia jakutia Back, 1990; Atalanta 21 (3/4): 193, pl. II, f. 3-4, TL: Yakutia, Suntar Mts.
Euchloe naina jakutia, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]

Euchloe ogilvia Back, 1990
Euchloe ogilvia Back, 1990; Atalanta 21 (3/4): 195, pl. II, f. 1-2, pl. III, f. 1-3 (larva), TL: Canada, Yukon, Ogilve Mts., Dempster Hwy Mile 45, 500-1300m
= Euchloe ausonides Lucas, 1852; Layberry, Hall & Lafontaine, 1998, The Butterflies of Canada:; [Opler]

Euchloe ausonides (Lucas, 1852)
Vancouver - California. See [About maps] Large Marble Creamy Marblewing
ausonides (Lucas, 1852); , TL: San Francisco, California
Euchloe flavidalis Comstock, 1924; Bull. Soc. Calif. Acad. Sci.: 51
Euchloe semiflava Comstock, 1924; Bull. Soc. Calif. Acad. Sci.: 51
Euchloe boharti Doudoroff, 1930
Euchloe hemiflava Field, 1936
Euchloe ausonides, E.H. Strickland Ent. Mus, U of [ALBERTA]
Euchloe ausonides, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Anthocharis ausonides ; Boisduval, 1852, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 286
ausonoides ; Edwards, 1872, (missp.)
ausoneides ; H. Edwards, 1880;, (missp.)
aussonides ; Elrod & Maley, 1906, (missp.)
Synchloe ausonides ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe ausonides ; [NACL, #4200]; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 17, f. 20]; Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): pl. III, f. 4-6 (larva); [BOC, 142]; [Opler]

Larva on Arabis, Descurainia richardsonii, (etc) [NAB]

E. a. coloradensis (H. Edwards, 1881)
Colorado Anthocaris coloradensis H. Edwards, 1881; Papilio 1 (4) : 50, TL: Colorado
Euchloe montana Verity, 1908
Euchloe ausonides coloradensis, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Synchloe ausonides coloradensis ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe ausonides coloradensis ; [NACL, #4200a]
E. a. palaeoreios Johnson, 1977
Euchloe ausonides palaeoreios ; [NACL, #4200b]
E. a. mayi F. & R. Chermock, 1940
Euchloe ausonides mayi F. & R. Chermock, 1940; , TL: Riding Mtns, Man.
Euchloe ausonides mayi ; [NACL, #4200c]; [BOC, 142]
E. a. transmontana Austin & Emmel, 1998
Euchloe ausonides transmontana Austin & Emmel, 1998; , TL: Kingston Canyon, Toiyabe Mtns, Lander Co., Nevada
Euchloe ausonides transmontana, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Euchloe ausonides transmontana ; [BOC, 142]
E. a. insulana Guppy & Shepard, 2001
Island Marble
Euchloe ausonides insulana Guppy & Shepard, 2001; , TL: Wellington, British Columbia
Euchloe ausonides insulana ; [BOC, 142]

Euchloe creusa (Doubleday, [1847])
Rocky Mountains. See [About maps] Northern Marblewing
Anthocharis creusa Doubleday, [1847]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): pl. 7
Euchloe elsa Beutenmüller, 1898
Euchloe orientalides Verity, 1908; (part)
Euchloe creusa, E.H. Strickland Ent. Mus, U of [ALBERTA]
Euchloe creusa, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Euchloe crensa (Edwards, 1881); (missp.)
Synchloe creusa ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe creusa ; [EBW]; [NACL, #4201]; [Opler]
Euchloe ausonia creusa ; [BOW: pl. 17, f. 20 (text only)]

Larva on Draba, Cruciferae [NAB]


Euchloe orientalis (Bremer, 1864)
Altai - Chukot, Ussuri, Amur, Transbaikalia, NA?. See [About maps] Anthocharis belemia var. orientalis Bremer, 1864; Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. (7) 8 (1) : 8, TL: Amur
?ab. alexandri Turati, 1921; Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 60: 212, f. 2
Euchloe orientalis, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Euchloe creusa orientalis ; Back, 1990, Atalanta 21 (3/4): 187
Euchloe (creusa) orientalis ; [BRU, 157]

Larva on Sisymbrium, Draba cana, Turritis glabra [BRU, Scott, 1986 (North America)], Cardamine trifida, Dontostemon dentatus, Draba nemorosa Danchenko, Streltsov, ?1997, [BRU, Belyaev, 1986]

E. o. emiorientalis Verity, 1911
Altai, Sayan orientalis emiorientalis Verity, 1911; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 338, pl. 67, f. 37-38
E. o. kurentzovi Beljaev, 1986
Chukot Peninsula, Far East
E. o. nemoralis Beljaev, 1986
Ussuri

Euchloe tagis (Hübner, [1803-1804])
SWEU, NAF, Italy. See [About maps] Portuguese Dappled White
Papilio tagis Hübner, [1803-1804]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [1] : pl. 110, f. 565-566, TL: Portugal
lusitanica Oberthür, 1909²
Euchloe tagis, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe tagis ; [BOW: pl. 4, f. 17]; [Otakar Kudrna]

Larva on Iberis, Biscutella [H&R]

Euchloe tagis tagis ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 19
E. t. bellezina (Boisduval, 1828)
S.France Euchloe tagis bellezina ; Back, 2001, Atalanta 32 (1/2): pl. III, f. 3e-f
E. t. calvensis Casini, 1993
Toscana Euchloe tagis calvensis ; Back, 2001, Atalanta 32 (1/2): pl. III, f. 2, 3c-d
E. t. castillana Verity, 1911
Spain
E. t. piemonti Back, 2001
Italy (Piemonte) Euchloe tagis piemonti Back, 2001; Atalanta 32 (1/2): 100, pl. III, f. 1, 3a-b, pl. IV, f. 5-17, TL: Andonno, Piemonte, Italy, 800m

Larva on Iberis sempervirens Back, 2001, Atalanta 32 (1/2): 100

E. t. pechi (Staudinger, 1885)
Algeria Pech's White
Anthocharis pechi Staudinger, 1885; Ent. Nachr. 11 (1) : 10, TL: Lambessa (Algeria)
Anthocharis pechi Baker, 1885; Ent. mon. Mag. 21 : 241, TL: Lambessa
Euchloe pechi ; [BOW: pl. 4, f. 12]
Euchloe tagis pechi ; [BMAT: 12, pl. 5, f. 1-5]

Larva on Iberis ciliata, I. odorata [BMAT]

E. t. atlasica Rungs, 1950
Morocco Euchloe tagis atlasica Rungs, 1950; Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc 28: 144, TL: Col de Tambrata and Ifrane (Morocco)
Euchloe tagis atlasica ; [BMAT: 12, pl. 5, f. 6-10]
[atlasica-1v.jpg] 600x435 (~37Kb) underside Morocco, Massif du Kandar, Moyen Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier

Larva on Iberis odorata, Iberis sp., Iberis ciliata?, I. taurica? [BMAT]


E. t. reisseri Back & Reissinger, 1989
Morocco (W. Rif Mts) Euchloe tagis reisseri Back & Reissinger, 1989; Nota lepid. 12 (2): 86-102, [93 (f. A-D), 94 (f. E, F), 95 (f. 1-12)], TL: Xauen (Morocco)
Euchloe tagis reisseri ; [BMAT: 13, pl. 5, f. 11-10]
[reisseri-1u.jpg] 599x435 (~57Kb) upperside Morocco, Djebel Tisuka, Rif, Photo © Jean Delacre [reisseri-2v.jpg] 758x543 (~26Kb) underside Morocco, Djebel Tisuka, Rif, Photo © Jean Delacre

Larva on Iberis grosmiqueli, I. linifolia [BMAT]



Euchloe insularis (Staudinger, 1861)
Corsica, Sardinia. See [About maps] Anthocharis insularis Staudinger, 1861; in Staudinger & Wocke, Cat. Lep. (ed. 1): 2, TL: Corsica?
Euchloe insularis, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe insularis ; [Otakar Kudrna]

Subgenus Elphinstonia Klots, 1930

The "charlonia" species-group
"charlonia" ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Euchloe charlonia (Donzel, 1842)
Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Tibesti, Macedonia, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Baluchistan, Punjab. See [About maps] Greenish Black-tip Lemon White
Anthocharis charlonia Donzel, 1842; Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 11 (2) : 197, pl. 8, f. 1
?Euchloe charlonia elisabethae Hemming, 1932; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 80 : 287
Euchloe charlonia, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Elphinstonia charlonia ; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 4, f. 10]
Euchloe charlonia ; [AfrL]; [Otakar Kudrna]
Elphinstonia charlonia charlonia
Anthocharis levaillantii H. Lucas, 1847; Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 5 : 49, TL: Dj. Amour (Algeria)
Anthocharis charlonia f. atlantica Stauder, 1914; Z. Wiss. InsektBiol. 10: 84, 125 (f. 2), TL: El Kantara (Algeria)
Elphinstonia charlonia charlonia ; [BMAT, 14, pl. 4, f. 41-48]
Euchloe charlonia charlonia ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 21; [AfrL]
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) charlonia charlonia ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)
[charlonia_charlonia-1u.jpg] 600x435 (~49Kb) upperside Morocco, Taliouine, Anti-Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier [charlonia_charlonia-2.jpg] 600x435 (~17Kb) Morocco, Tiznit, Anti-Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier [charlonia_charlonia-3vmf.jpg] 600x435 (~40Kb) underside male female Morocco, Tiznit, Anti-Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier

Larva on Diplotaxis pendula, Succowia balearica, Moricandia arvensis, Eruca vesicaria, Cleome arabica, Reseda villosa, Eryngium tenue, Diplotaxis acris [BMAT]


E. c. mesopotamica (Staudinger, [1892])
Anthocharis charlonia var. mesopotamica Staudinger, [1892]; Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 4 (2) : 228

Euchloe bazae Fabiano, 1993
-. See [About maps]
Spain Euchloe (Elphinstonia) bazae bazae ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)
E. b. iberae Back, Olivares & Leestmans, 2005
Spain Euchloe bazae iberae Back, Olivares & Leestmans, 2005; Linneana Belgica 20 (2): (-), TL: Spain
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) bazae iberae ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Euchloe lucilla Butler, 1886
Afghanistan. See [About maps] Euchloe lucilla Butler, 1886; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1886 (3) : 376, pl. 35, f. 4
Euchloe lucilla ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 23
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) lucilla lucilla ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Euchloe transcaspica (Staudinger, [1892])
S.Turkmenia, N.Iran. See [About maps] Anthocharis charlonia var. transcaspica Staudinger, [1892]; Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 4 (2) : 228, TL: "Krasnovodsk", "Achal-Tekke", "Schahrud"
Elphinstonia transcaspica ; [BRU, 158]

Larva on Matthiola, Cleome, Reseda, Kickxia [BRU]

E. t. amseli (Gross & Ebert, 1975)
Iran charlonia amseli (Gross & Ebert, 1975)
Euchloe charlonia amseli ; [AfrL]
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) transcaspica amseli ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)
?E. t. doveri Evans, 1932
transcaspica doveri Evans, 1932; Indian Butterflies (edn. 2): 65
?E. t. pila Evans, 1932
transcaspica pila Evans, 1932; Indian Butterflies (edn. 2): 65

Euchloe penia (Freyer, 1852)
SEEU. See [About maps] penia (Freyer, 1852); Neuere Beitr. Schmett. 6: pl. 574, f. 4
Euchloe penia, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe penia ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 22; [Otakar Kudrna]
E. p. taleschicus Back & Leestmans, 2001
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) penia taleschicus ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)
E. p. thessalica (Mezger, 1936)
thessalica (Mezger, 1936) (Anthocharis); Lambillionea, 36: 35
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) penia thessalica ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

The "tomyris" species-group
"tomyris" ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Euchloe tomyris Christoph, 1884²
S.Turkmenia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, N.Iran. See [About maps] tomyris Christoph, 1884²; in Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 1 : 99, pl. 6, f. 1a-b, TL: Askhabad, Turkmenia
Elphinstonia tomyris ; [BRU, 158]
Euchloe tomyris ; Winhard, 2000, Butterflies of the world, 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 24
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) tomyris tomyris ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Larva on Sisymbrium [BRU]


Euchloe lessei Bernardi, 1957
Iran. See [About maps] Euchloe lessei Bernardi, 1957; Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 62: 38, TL: ;Iran
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) lessei lessei ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)
E. l. qohrudicus Back & Leestmans, 2001
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) lessei qohrudicus ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) lessei zagrosicus ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Euchloe ziayani Leestmans & Back, 2001
Euchloe (Elphinstonia) ziayani ziayani ; Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006, Atalanta 37 (3/4): (469-482)

Subgenus ?

Euchloe aegyptiaca Verity, 1911
Euchloe aegyptiaca, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe aegyptiaca ; [AfrL]

Euchloe falloui (Allard, 1867)
N.Africa (desert regions), Sudan, Somalia, Arabia. See [About maps] Scarce Green-striped White
Anthocharis falloui Allard, 1867; Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 7 : 312, 318, pl. 6, f. 1a-b, TL: Biskra (Algeria)
Euchloe seitzi Röber, 1907; in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1 : 52 (= falloui f.): 52, TL: Biskra (Algeria)
Euchloe falloui obsolescens Rothschild, 1913; Novit. Zool. 20 (1) : 112, TL: South Oued Mya (Algeria)
Euchloe falloui lucida Sheljuzuzhko, 1914; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 27 (4) : 166, TL: Biskra (Algeria)
Euchloe falloui f. choumovitschi Chnéour, 1935; Ent. Z. Frankf. a. M. 49 (7): 49, f., TL: Moularès Mines (Tunisia)
Euchloe faloui faloui f. nigromarginata Chnéour, 1947; Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 38: 21, f. 1, TL: Gafsa (Tunisia)
Euchloe faloui faloui f. elisabethae Chnéour, 1947; Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 38: 21, f. 4, TL: Moulares Mines (Tunisia)
Euchloe flloui farizae Tarrier; [1993], TL: Tizi-n-Tinififft (Morocco)
Euchloe falloui, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Euchloe falloui ; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 4, f. 11 (text only)]; [BMAT: 13, pl. 5, f. 20-32]; [BAFR, 56]; [AfrL]
[falloui-1u.jpg] 600x435 (~40Kb) upperside Morocco, Jorf, Tafilalet, Photo © Michel Tarrier [falloui-2v.jpg] 600x435 (~46Kb) underside Morocco, Jorf, Tafilalet, Photo © Michel Tarrier [falloui-3v.jpg] 600x435 (~31Kb) underside Morocco, Jorf, Tafilalet, Photo © Michel Tarrier

Larva on Moricandia arvensis, M. sinaica, Reseda muricata, Diplotaxis acris, Schouwia thebaica, Zilla spinosa [BMAT]


Euchloe falloui falloui ; [AfrL]
E. f. saudi Larsen, 1983
Euchloe falloui saudi ; [AfrL]

Euchloe olympia (Edwards, 1871)
Arizona. See [About maps] Olympia Marblewing
olympia (Edwards, 1871); Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 266
Euchloe olympia, E.H. Strickland Ent. Mus, U of [ALBERTA]
Euchloe olympia, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Euchloe olympia, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Synchloe olympia ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe olympia ; [NACL, #4202]; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 17, f. 21]; [Opler]

Larva on Arabis, Sisymbrium officinale, (etc) [NAB]

E. o. rosa (Edwards, 1882)
rosa (Edwards, 1882); Papilio 2 (3) : 45
Synchloe olympia rosa ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe olympia rosa (Edwards, [?]1871); [NACL, #4202a]

Euchloe guaymasensis Opler, 1986
Mexico (Sonora). See [About maps] Euchloe guaymasensis Opler, 1986; J. Lep. Soc. 40 (3): 188, f. 1-3, TL: Mexico, Estado de Sonora, Las Avispas microwave relay, 2000', 40 mi N Guayamas
Euchloe guaymasensis, Listing of Mexican Butterflies [ILMB]
Euchloe guaymasensis, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Euchloe guaymasensis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Euchloe guaymasensis, Butterflies of Southeastern Arizon [Bruce Walsh]
Euchloe guaymasensis ; Holland, 1995, J. Lep. Soc. 49 (2): 122, f. 2; [Opler]; [NL4A, #128]

Larva on Descurainia pinnata Holland, 1995, J. Lep. Soc. 49 (2): 127


Euchloe hyantis (Edwards, 1871)
California. See [About maps] California Marble Pearly Marblewing
hyantis (Edwards, 1871); Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 205, TL: Ukiah, Mendocino, Co., California
Euchloe pseudoausonides Verity, 1908
Euchloe orientalides Verity, 1908; (part)
Euchloe pumilio Strand, 1914
Euchloe hyantis, Listing of Mexican Butterflies [ILMB]
Euchloe hyantis hyantis, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Euchloe hyantis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Euchloe ausonides hyantis ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe hyantis ; [NACL, #4203]; [BOC, 144]; [Opler]
Euchloe ausonia hyantis ; [BOW: pl. 17, f. 20 (text only)]

Larva on Descurainia pinnata, Caulanthus, Streptanthus [NAB]

E. h. andrewsi Martin, 1936
Euchloe hyantis andrewsi ; [NACL, #4203a]

Euchloe lotta (Beutenmüller, 1898)
Desert Marble
lotta (Beutenmüller, 1898); Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 10: 243
belioides (Verity, 1911)
Euchloe lotta, Listing of Mexican Butterflies [ILMB]
Euchloe lotta, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Euchloe lotta, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Euchloe hyantis lotta, Butterflies of Southeastern Arizon [Bruce Walsh]
Synchloe lotta ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 7
Euchloe hyantis lotta ; [NACL, #4203b]
Euchloe lotta ; [BOC, 146]; [Opler]
Misidentified/misapplied:
Euchloe pumilio Strand, 1927; (not Strand, 1914)

Larva on Arabis furcata, A. sparsiflora, Arabis bolboellii, Halimolobos whitedi [BOC]



25.10.2011 (27)

References:
[ALBERTA]
University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum; Browse Entomology Collection
[About maps]
Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.
[AfrL]
Mark C. Williams; Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); e-mail: Mark C. Williams
[BAFR]
D'Abrera, 1980; Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region
[BAMONA]
Paul Opler, Harry Pavulaan, Ray Stanford, Michael Pogue; Butterflies and Moths of North America; Mountain Prairie Information Node
[BHL]
The; Biodiversity Heritage Library; and on; Internet Archive; Note: The linking to the content of Internet Archive is somewhat delicate -- notify me when links break!
[BMAT]
Tennent, John, 1996; The butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; ISBN 0 906802 05 9
[BOA]
Interactive Listing of American Butterflies; Listado Interactivo de la Mariposas Americanas; Butterflies of America
[BOC]
Robert Michael Pyle, 2002; The Butterflies of Cascadia
[BOW]
Lewis, H. L., 1974; Butterflies of the World; ISBN 0 245 52097 X
[BRU]
Tuzov, Bogdanov, Devyatkin, Kaabak, Korolev, Murzin, Samodurov, Tarasov, 1997; Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories; Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae; Volume 1
[Bruce Walsh]
Bruce Walsh; e-mail: Bruce Walsh; The Moths of Southeastern Arizona; Butterflies of Southeastern Arizona
[EBW]
Smart, Paul, 1976; The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World; ISBN 0 600 31381 6
[ESP]
Heppner, 1981; The dates of E. J. C. Esper's Die Schmetterlinge in Abblidungen... 1776-[1830]; Archives of Natural History (1981) 10 (2): 251-254
[H&R]
Higgins, L.G, Riley, N.D, 1970; A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe
[HBN]
Francis Hemming, 1937; HÜBNER, A bibliographical and systematic account of the entomological works of Jacob Hübner and of the supplements thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried Franz von Frölich and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer, Vol 1 & 2
[Heiner Ziegler]
Switzerland / Schweiz; www.pieris.ch
[ILMB]
Interactive Listing of Mexican Butterflies
[Ilya Osipov]
The insects from former USSR for collectors Web site; e-mail: Ilya Osipov; http://www.osipov.org/insects/
[Jean Delacre]
http://homepage.mac.com/jdelacre
[LAMAS-2005]
Gerardo Lamas; Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)
[MBE]
Moths and Butteflies of Europe; Paolo Mazzei, Diego Reggianti and Ilaria Pimpinelli; http://www.leps.it/
[Mario Maier]
Europäische Schmetterlinge; e-mail: Mario Maier
[Michel Tarrier]
Michel R. Tarrier; Malaga, Spain; http://www.tarrier.org
[NAB]
Pyle, R. M.; National Audubon Society: Field Guide to North American Butterflies; 1981; ISBN 0-394-51914-0
[NACL]
Hodges, Ronald W. (ed.), 1983; Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico
[NL4A]
Gerardo Lamas, 2004; Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; Checklist: Part 4A; Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea
[Opler]
Opler & Warren, 2003 (April); Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico.
[SZMN]
Lepidoptera; Siberian Zoological Museum
[Simon Coombes]
1 Park Street, Plymouth, PL3 4BL, UK; 01752 607854; e-mail: Simon Coombes; http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk
[²]
This may require parentheses or not. I don't have the necessary information for this taxon.


Some related literature:
Allard, 1867
Notes sur les insectes de l'Algerie Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 7 : 311-322, pl. 6
Back, 1990
Taxononomische Untersuchungen inerrhalb der Arterngruppe um Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804) Atalanta 21 (3/4): 187-206
Back, 2001
Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart von Euchloe tagis Hübner, 1804: Euchloe tagis piemonti subspec. nov. Atalanta 32 (1/2): 99-102
Back, 2001
Zur Biologie von Euchloe belemia hesperidum Rothschild, 1913 Atalanta 32 (1/2): 103-106
Back, Knebelsberger & Miller, 2006
The phylogenetic relationships of the species and subspecies of the subgenus Elphinstonia Klots, 1930 (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) Atalanta 37 (3/4): 469-482
Back, Olivares & Leestmans, 2005
Une nouvelle sous-espèce d'Euchloe bazae (Fabiano, 1993) d'Aragón, dans le N.-E. de l'Espagne: 'iberae ssp. nova (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) Linneana Belgica 20 (2): -
Back & Reissinger, 1989
Euchloe tagis reisseri sbsp.n. eine gut charakterisierte Unterart aus dem Rif-Gebirge Nota lepid. 12 (2): 86-102
Baker, 1885
Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera from Algeria Ent. mon. Mag. 21 : 241-245, 268-270
Bartel, 1902
Lepidopteren des südlichen Urals Dt. ent. Z. Iris, 15 (2) : 183-230 (1903)
Bernardi, 1957
Contribution à l'étude des pseudodual species; une nouvelle espèce iranienne d'Euchloe Hb. [Lep. Pieridae] Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 62: 38-41
Boisduval, 1852
Lépidoptères de la Californie Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 : 275-324
Bremer, 1864
Lepidopteren Ost-Sibiriens, insbesondere der Amur-Landes, gesammelt von den Herren G. Radde, R. Maack und P. Wulffius Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. (7) 8 (1) : 1-104, 8pls
Butler, 1869
Descriptions of species of Lepidoptera, confounded with others described by Linnaeus and Fabricius Ent. mon. Mag. 5 : 270-273
Butler, 1886
On Lepidoptera collected by Major Yerbury in Western India Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1886 (3) : 355-395, pl. 35
Christoph, 1884
Lepidopteren aus dem Achal-Tekke-Gebiete. Erster Theil in Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 1 : 93-138, pl. 6-8
Donzel, 1842
Description de deux Lépidoptères nouveaux recueillis en barbarie par le capitaino Charlon Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 11 (2) : 197-199, pl. 8
Doubleday, [1847]
The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by W. C. Hewitson Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 1-18, pl. A, 1-4 (1-2) (1846), (1): 19-132, pl. 4*, 5-25, 28 (3-14) (1847), (1): 133-200, pl. 1*, 26, 27, 29, 31-44 (15-23) (1848), (1): 201-242, pl. 30, 45-52, 56-58, 60-62, 64 (24-31) (1849), (1): 243-250 [?], (2): 243-326, pl. 53-55, 63, 65, 66 (32-38) (1850), (2): 327-466, pl. 59, 67-77 (39-50) (1851), (2): 467-534, 143, 144, pl. 78-80 (Index) (51-54) (1852)
Dyar, 1903
A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 1-723
Edwards, 1871
Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the United States Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 205-216
Edwards, 1871
Descriptions of new species of North American butterflies Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 : 266-277
Edwards, 1882
Description of new species of butterflies found in the United States Papilio 2 (3) : 45-49
H. Edwards, 1881
On some apparently new forms of diurnal lepidoptera Papilio 1 (4) : 50-55
Esper, 1800
Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Theil I. Die Tagschmetterlinge. Supplement Theil 1. Abschnitt 1 Die Schmett., Suppl. Th 1 (1-2): 1-8, pl. 94 (1789), (3-4): 9-60, pl. 95-101 (1789), (5-6): 61-68, pl. 102-106 (1794), ([7]): [69-88], pl. [107-109] (1798), (8-9): 89-104, pl. 110-112 (1800), (10): 105-120, pl. 113-116 ([1803-1804])
Evans, 1932
The Identification of Indian Butterflies (edn. 2) Indian Butterflies (edn. 2): x + 454pp, 9 figs, 32 pls
Freyer, 1829
Beiträge zur Geschichte europäischer Schmetterlinge mit Abbildungen nach der Natur Beitr. eur. Schmett. 2: 166pp, pl. 49-96
Freyer, 1852
Neuere Beiträge zur Schmetterlingskunde mit Abbildungen nach der Natur. (81-100) Neuere Beitr. Schmett. 6 : 1-20 (1846), : 21-82 (1848), : 83-104 (1849), : 105-146 (1850), : 147-198 (1851), : (1852)
Fruhstorfer, 1908
Neue paläarktische Pieriden Ent. Zs. 22 (12) : 50-51 (20 June)
Hemming, 1932
The butterflies of Transjordan Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 80 : 269-299
Holland, 1995
Distribution of selected Anthocharis, Euchloe and Pontia in new Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua and Sonora J. Lep. Soc. 49 (2): 119-135
Hübner, [1803-1804]
Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. I. Papiliones - Falter ("Erste Band") Samml. eur. Schmett. [1] : 3-74, : pl. 1-88, f. 1-446 (1799-1800), : pl. 89-96, f. 447-490 (1800-1803), : pl. 97-114, f. 491-588 (1803-1804), : pl. 115-119, f. 589-612 (1805), : pl. 120-124, f. 613-636 (1805-1806), : pl. 125-128, f. 637-652 (1806-1808), : pl. 129-144, f. 653-727 (1808-1813), : pl. 145-147, f. 728-741 (1814-1816), : pl. 148-150, f. 742-756 (1816-1817), : pl. 151, f. 757-762 (1818-1819), : pl. 152-154, f. 757-774 (1819-1822), : pl. 155, f. 775-778 (1822-1823), : pl. 156-161, f. 779-806 (1823), : pl. 162-175, f. 807-874 (1823-1824), : pl. 176, f. 869-874 (1824-1825), : pl. 177-181, f. 875-895 (1825-1826), : pl. 182-187, f. 896-981 (1827-1828), : pl. 188-195, f. 922-968 (1828-1832), : pl. 196, f. 969-974 (1832-1833), : pl. 197-201, f. 975-997 (1834-1836), : pl. 202-203, f. 998-1009 (1836-1838), : pl. 204-207, f. 1010-1029 (1837-1838)
Hübner, [1819]
Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 1816-[1826] Verz. bek. Schmett. (1): [1-3], 4-16 (1816), (2): 17-32 (1819), (3): 33-48 (1819), (4): 49-64 (1819), (5): 65-80 (1819), (6): 81-96 (1819), (7): 97-112 (1819), (8): 113-128 (1819), (9): 129-144 (1819), (10): 145-160 (1819), (11): 161-176 (1819), (12): 177-192 (1820), (13): 193-208 (1820), (14): 209-224 (1821), (15): 225-240 (1821), (16): 241-256 (1821), (17): 257-272 (1823), (18): 273-288 (1823), (19): 289-304 (1823), (20): 305-320 (1825), (21): 321-336 (1825), (22): 337-352 (1825), (23-27): 353-431 ([1825])
Kirby, 1871
A synonymic catalogue of the diurnal Lepidoptera Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep.: vii + 690pp : 1-690
Kozhanchikov, 1923
Materialen zur Macrolepidopterenfauna des Minussinsk Bezirks (Siberien Ienissey Gouv.) Jb. Martjanov Staatmus. Minussinsk, 1 (1): 1-50
Moore, 1865
List of diurnal Lepidoptera collected by Capt. A.M. Lang in the N. W. Himalayas Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (2) : 486-509, pl. 30-31
Oberthür, 1909
Notes pour servir à établir la Faune Francaise et Algeriénne des Lépidoptères Étud. Lépid. Comp. 3 : 101-400, 405-415, pl. 11,16-20,23-26
Opler, 1986
A new Euchloe (Pieridae) from northwestern Mexico J. Lep. Soc. 40 (3): 188-190
Riley, 1928
Two new local races of Euchloe Entomologist 61: 136-137
Rothschild, 1913
[Expedition to the Central Western Sahara]. Lepidoptera Novit. Zool. 20 (1) : 109-143
Rothschild, 1917
Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthür's Faune des Lépidoptères de la Barbarie, with lists of the specimens contained in the Tring Museum Novit. Zool. 24 (1): 61-120, : 325-373, : 393-409
Sheljuzuzhko, 1914
Vermutliche zweite Generation von Euchloë falloui Allard Dt. ent. Z. Iris 27 (4) : 166-168
Stauder, 1915
Neue Mediterrane Lepidopterenformen Dt. ent. Z. Iris 29 (1) : 20-34
Staudinger, 1861
Catalog der Lepidopteren Europas und der angrendzenden Länder in Staudinger & Wocke, Cat. Lep. (ed. 1): 1-192
Staudinger, 1885
Deilephila Euphorbiae L. var. Grentzenbergi Stgr., und eine neue Anthocharis Ent. Nachr. 11 (1) : 10-11
Staudinger, [1892]
Neue Arten und Varietäten von Lepidopteren des paäarktischen Faunengebiets Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 4 (2) : 224-339, pl. 3-4 (1892)
Stoll, 1782
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (26b-28): 29-90, pl. 305-336 (1780), (29-31): 91-164, pl. 337-372 (1781), (32-32): 165-252, 1-29, pl. 373-400 (1782)
Turati, 1905
Alcune nuove forme di Lepidotteri (I) Natur. Sicil. 18 (2-3): 25-48, pl. 1-10
Verity, 1908; Verity, 1911
Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 86+368pp, 2+12+72pls
Winhard, 2000
Pieridae I Butterflies of the world, 10: (1) 40pp, (2) 48pls


If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.