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Lexias Boisduval, [1832]

Archdukes
Lexias Boisduval, [1832]; in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1 : 125, TS: Papilio aeropa Linnaeus
Marthisa Moore, [1897]; Lepidoptera Indica 3 (27): 49, TS: Symphaedra canescens Butler
Marthisa Moore, [1897]; Lepidoptera Indica 3 (28): 73, TS: Symphaedra canescens Butler
Camaraga Moore, [1897]; Lepidoptera Indica 3 (27): 49, TS: Cynthia damalis Erichson
Senadipa Moore, [1897]; Lepidoptera Indica 3 (27): 49, TS: Lexias satrapes C. & R. Felder
Camaraga Moore, [1897]; Lepidoptera Indica 3 (28): 74, TS: Cynthia damalis Erichson
Lexias, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Lexias (Adoliadini) ; [Wahlberg]

Lexias panopus C. & R. Felder, 1861

Philippines. See [About maps] Lexias panopus C. & R. Felder, 1861; Wien. ent. Monats. 5 (10) : 302, TL: Luzon
Lexias panopus ; [BOR, 365]

L. p. panopus

Philippines (Luzon) Lexias panopus panopus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4

L. p. boholensis M. & T. Okano, 1988²

Philippines (Bohol) Lexias panopus boholensis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 5, f. 1-2

L. p. miscus (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Philippines (Mindanao) panopus miscus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: Philippines
virginalis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: Mindanao
Lexias panopus miscus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 5, f. 6-8

L. p. visayana Schröder & Treadaway, 1987

Philippines (Leyte) Lexias panopus visayana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 5, f. 3-5, 7

L. p. vistrica (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Philippines (Bazilan, Dinagar) panopus vistrica (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: Philippines
panopus macer Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980; Mem. Tsukada Coll. 2: 7, TL: Philippines
Lexias panopus vistrica ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 2, f. 7-8

L. p. ingae Schröder & Treadaway, 1987²

Philippines (Panay, Negros) Leixas panopus ingae ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4

Lexias damalis (Erichson, 1834)

-. See [About maps] Cynthia damalis Erichson, 1834; Nova Acta Leop. Carol. 16 (Suppl. 1): 280, 404, pl. 50, f. 4
Zynthia[sic] damalis ; Hemming, 1967, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), Suppl.: 93 (missp.)
Lexias damalis ; [BOR, 367]

L. d. damalis

Philippines (N.Luzon) Lexias damalis damalis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 4, f. 3-4

L. d. galoa (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Philippines (Mindoro) damalis galoa (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 692, TL: Mindoro
Lexias damalis galoa ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 4, f. 5-6, 7-8

L. d. antiquea (Schröder & Treadaway, 1980)

Philippines (Panay) damalis antiquea (Schröder & Treadaway, 1980) (Euthalia); Ent. Zeitschr. Frankf. a. M. 90 (21): 239, TL: Philippines
Lexias damalis antiquea ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 4, f. 1-2

Lexias hikarugenzi Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980

Philippines (N.Luzon). See [About maps] hikarugenzi Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980; Mem. Tsukada Coll. 2: 8, TL: Philippines
Lexias hikarugenzi ; [BOR, 367]
Lexias hiakrugenzi ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 10, f. 1-2, pl. 14, f. 8

Lexias satrapes C. & R. Felder, 1861

Philippines. See [About maps] Lexias satrapes C. & R. Felder, 1861; Wien. ent. Monats. 5 (10) : 302, TL: Luzon
imperator (Hewitson, [1863]) (Symphaedra); Ill. exot. Butts 3 (54): pl. 3, f. 10

= ; [NHM]

Euthalia satrapes ; [BOW: pl. 145, f. 6]
Lexias satrapes ; [BOR, 365]

L. s. satrapes

Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro) Lexias satrapes satrapes ; [BOR, 365]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 6, f. 3-6

L. s. hiwaga Nyuda & Kawamura, 1989²

Philippines (Camiguin) Lexias satrapes hiwaga ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 4, pl. 6, f. 1-2

L. s. amlana (Jumalon, 1970)

Philippines (Negros) satrapes amlana (Jumalon, 1970) (Adolias); Philippine Scientist 7: 32
Lexias satrapes amlana ; [BOR, 365]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 7, f. 3-4, 7-8

L. s. ornata (Schröder & Treadaway, 1979)

Philippines (Sibuyan) satrapes ornata (Schröder & Treadaway, 1979) (Athyma); Entom. Z. Frankf. a.M. 89 (24): 270, TL: Philippines
Lexias satrapes ornata ; [BOR, 365]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 7, f. 1-2

L. s. trapesa (Semper, 1888)

Philippines (Mindanao) satrapes trapesa (Semper, 1888) (Symphaedra); Reisen Philipp. (3): 96, pl. 17, f. 4-5, TL: Mindanao
Lexias satrapes trapesa ; [BOR, 365]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 7, f. 5-6

L. s. ormocana (Jumalon, 1970)

Philippines (Samar, Leyte) satrapes ormocana (Jumalon, 1970) (Adolias); Philippine Scientist 7: 32, TL: Philippines
Lexias satrapes ormocana ; [BOR, 365]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 6, f. 7-8

Lexias aeropa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Moluccas, New Guinea. See [About maps] Papilio aeropa Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1 : 475
?Papilio aeropus Linnaeus, 1767; Syst. Nat. (Edn 12) 1 (2): 768, no. 28
Papilio aeropus Linnaeus, 1764; Mus. Lud. Ulr.: 256, TL: Amboina
nodrica Boisduval, 1832
Adolias (Lexias) aeropus ab. bicolorata Strand, 1913; Archiv Naturgesch. 78 A (11) : 66
Adolias (Lexias) aeropus ab. lutescentitincta Strand, 1913; Archiv Naturgesch. 78 A (11) : 66
Adolias (Lexias) aeropus ab. albinistica Strand, 1913; Archiv Naturgesch. 78 A (11) : 66
Lexias aeropa, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Lexias aeropa, Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia [Don Herbison-Evans]
Lexias aeropa ; [EBW]
?Parthenos tigrina nodrica ; [BAUR, 238 (text)]
Euthalia aeropa ; [BOW: pl. 143, f. 13]

Larva on Calophyllum [BAUR]

L. a. aeropa

S.Moluccas (Ambon, Ceram, Saparua) Lexias aeropus aeropus ; [BAUR, 340 (text)]
Lexias aeropa aeropa ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 3, f. 4

L. a. choirilus (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Waigeu aeropa choirilus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: Waigeu
Lexias aeropus choirilus ; [BAUR, 340]
Lexias aeropa choirilus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 3, f. 7

L. a. eporidorix (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

N.Moluccas (Bachan, Halmahera, Morotai) aeropa eporidorix (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694
Lexias aeropus eporidorix ; [BAUR, 340 (text)]
Lexias aeropa eporidorix ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 3, f. 5-6

L. a. paisandrus (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Moluccas (Obi) aeropa paisandrus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: Obi
Lexias aeropus paisandrus ; [BAUR, 340 (text)]
Lexias aeropa paisandrus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 3, f. 3

L. a. helvidius (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Buru aeropa helvidius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694
Lexias aeropus helvidius ; [BAUR, 340 (text)]
Lexias aeropa helvidius ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 3, f. 1-2

L. a. eutychius (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Aru, Kai, West Irian - Papua, Karkar I., Cape York? aeropa eutychius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: New Guinea
ergena (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 695, TL: Obi; Buru
albifera (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalis); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 695, TL: Obi; Buru
midia (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 695, TL: Obi; Buru
mysolensis (Talbot, 1932) (Euthalia); Bull. Hill. Mus. 4: 165, TL: Misool Is.

eutychias ; Common & Waterhouse, 1981, (missp.) Lexias aeropus eutychius f. eutychius ; [BAUR, 340 (f. form) (text)] Lexias aeropus eutychius f. ergena ; [BAUR, 340 (f. form) (text)] Lexias aeropus eutychius f. albifera ; [BAUR, 340 (f. form) (text)] Lexias aeropus eutychius f. midia ; [BAUR, 340 (f. form) (text)] Lexias aeropa euptychius "mysolensis" ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: pl. 1, f. 5

Lexias aeropus eutychius ; [BAUR, 340 (text)] Lexias aeropa eutychius f. eutychius ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: pl. 2, f. 6 Lexias aeropa eutychius f. albifera ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: pl. 1, f. 2, 4 Lexias aeropa eutychius f. ergena ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: pl. 1, f. 6, pl. 2, f. 4 Lexias aeropa eutychius f. media ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: pl. 2, f. 2 Lexias aeropa eutychius ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 1, f. 1-5, 7-8, pl. 2, 1.6

L. a. angustifascia (Joicey & Noakes, 1915)

Biak, Yapen Is. Euthalia aeropa angustifascia Joicey & Noakes, 1915; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2) : 193, pl. 27, f. 4, pl. 28, f. 1, TL: Biak
?meforensis (Talbot, 1932) (Euthalia); Bull. Hill. Mus. 4: 166, TL: Mefor I. (= Noemfoor)
Lexias aeropus angustifascia ; [BAUR, 340 (text)]
Lexias aeropa angustifascia ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 1, f. 6

L. a. hegias (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland) aeropa hegias (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 695, TL: Bismarck Archipelago
Lexias aeropus hegias ; [BAUR, 340 (text)]
Lexias aeropus[sic] hegias ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 3, f. 8

L. a. orestias (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Sula Is. (Taliabu, Mangoly, Sanana?) aeropa orestias (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 694, TL: Sula Is.
Lexias aeropa orestias ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5

Lexias aegle (Doherty, 1891)

-. See [About maps] Symphaedra aegle Doherty, 1891; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 60 Pt.II (2) : 177, TL: Sumba
Lexias aegle ; [BOR, 368]

L. a. aegle

Sumba Lexias aegle aegle ; [BOR, 368]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 21, f. 5-6, 8

L. a. miyatai Hanafusa, 1990²

Lombok, Sumbawa Lexias aegle miyatai ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 21, f. 1-4

L. a. floresiana (Fruhstorfer, 1898)

Flores Adolias aegle floresiana Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 189, TL: Flores
Lexias aegle floresiana; [BOR, 368]
Lexias aegle floresiana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 21, f. 7

Lexias cyanipardus (Butler, [1869])

-. See [About maps] Great Archduke
Symphaedra cyanipardus Butler, [1869]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 613, TL: "Sylhet"
Euthalia cyanipardus ; [BOW: pl. 143, f. 14]
Lexias cyanipardus ; [BOR, 368]; [MRS, 503]

L. c. cyanipardus

Assam - Yunnan Lexias cyanipardus cyanipardus ; [BOR, 368]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 8, f. 1-2

L. c. grandis Yokochi, 1991

N.Thailand, S.Yunnan Lexias cyanipardus grandis Yokochi, 1991; Futao 8: 16, pl. 4, f. 1-3
Lexias cyanipardus grandis, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias cyanipardus grandis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 8, f. 3-4
Lexias cyanipardus gransis ; Huang & Xue, 2004, Neue Ent. Nachr. 57: 139 (name)

Lexias bangkana (Hagen, 1892)

-. See [About maps] Symphaedra bangkana Hagen, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 37 : 146, TL: Bangka

L. b. bangkana

Bangka I. Lexias cyanipardus bangkana ; [BOR, 368]
Lexias bangkana bangkana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5

L. b. sandakanus (Fruhstorfer, 1896)

Borneo, Peninuslar Malaya (Johore) Symphaedra sandakana Fruhstorfer, 1896; Ent. Nachr. 22 (3) : 39
Lexias bangkana gyokudo Yokochi, 1993; , TL: Laut Is.
Lexias cyanipardus sandakana ; [BMP: 190, pl. 28, f. 17-18]
Lexias cyanipardus sandakanus ; [BOR, 368]
Lexias bangkana sandakanus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 8, f. 7

L. b. marthae (Strand, 1910)

Sumatra Adolias cyanipardus f. marthae Strand, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (10) : 202, TL: Sumatra
Lexias cyanipardus martha ; [BOR, 368]
Lexias bangkana marthae ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5

L. b. johorensis Tsukada, 1991

Johor Lexias bangkana johorensis Tsukada, 1991; Butt. S.E. Asian Islands 5: 382, 547, pl. 80. f. 1-2, TL: Johor
Lexias bangkana johorensis, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias bangkana johorensis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5

L. b. nishikawai Hanafusa, 1990²

Serasan Is. Lexias bangkana nishikawai ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5

L. b. nemoralis Tsukada, 1991²

Belitung Lexias bangkana nemoralis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 9, f. 5-6, 7-8

Lexias albopunctata (Crowley, 1895)

-. See [About maps] Symphaedra albo-punctata Crowley, 1895; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 16 : 437, TL: Siam
Lexias albopunctata albopunctata, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias cyanipardus albopunctata ; [BOR, 368]

L. a. albopunctata

N.Thailand, SE.Thailand, Indo-China, S.China Lexias albopunctata albopunctata ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 5, pl. 8, f. 5-6

L. a. borealis Hanafusa, 1990

NE.Thailand - Laos Lexias albopunctata borealis Hanafusa, 1990; Futao 5: 13, pl. 2, f. 1-3
Lexias albopunctata borealis, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias albopunctata borealis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

?L. a. exarchus (Fruhstorfer, 1914)

Adolias cyanipardus exarchus Fruhstorfer, 1914; Ent. Rundschau 31 (1) : 3, TL: Cochin China

Lexias pardalis (Moore, 1878)

-. See [About maps] Symphaedra pardalis Moore, 1878; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 699, TL: Hainan
Lexias pardalis, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Lexias pardalis ; [BOR, 367]; [MRS, 503]

L. p. pardalis

Hainan Lexias pardalis pardalis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. p. jadeitina (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

NE.India, Burma - N.Thailand, S.Yunnan Adolias dirtea jadeitina Fruhstorfer, 1913; in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 687
Lexias pardalis jadeitina, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias pardalis jadeitina ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 15, f. 1-8

L. p. eleanor (Fruhstorfer, 1898)

S.China, Laos, Vietnam Adolias dirtea eleanor Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 173, TL: Tonkin
Lexias pardalis eleanor, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias dirtea eleanor ; [MRS, 503]
Lexias pardalis eleanor ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. p. nephritica (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Sumatra pardalis nephritica (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 688
Lexias pardalis nephritica ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 12, f. 1-6

L. p. nasiensis Tsukada, 1991²

Nasi, We Is. Lexias pardalis nasiensis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 12, f. 7-8

L. p. gigantea (Fruhstorfer, 1898)

Nias Adolias dirtea gigantea Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 175, TL: Nias
Lexias pardalis gigantea ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 13, f. 5-8

L. p. pallidulus Tsukada, 1991²

Musala Is. Lexias pardalis pallidulus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. p. dirteana (Corbet, 1941)

Singapore Archduke
Euthalia dirteana Corbet, 1941; Entomologist 74 (6): 135
Lexias pardalis dirteana, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias pardalis dirteana ; [BMP: 190, pl. 28, f. 20-21]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 11, f. 3-8

L. p. ritsemae (Fruhstorfer, 1906)

Bangka Adolias dirtea ritsemae Fruhstorfer, 1906; Soc. Ent. 20 (19) : 149, TL: Banka
Lexias pardalis ritsemae ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. p. silawa (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Belitung pardalis silawa (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 689, TL: Sumatra
Lexias pardalis silawa ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 13, f. 1-4

L. p. nigricans Hanafusa, 1989²

Karimata Lexias pardalis nigricans ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 14, f. 5-7

L. p. borneensis Tsukada, 1991²

Borneo, Natuna, Laut Lexias pardalis borneensis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 14, f. 1-4

L. p. cavarna (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Philippines (Balabac) pardalis cavarna (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 689, TL: Balabas
Lexias pardalis cavarna ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. p. tethys Tsukada, 1991²

Philippines (Palawan) Lexias pardalis tethys ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 10, f. 3-4

L. p. ellora (Fruhstorfer, 1898)

Philippines (Mindoro) Adolias dirtea ellora Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 208
Lexias pardalis ellora ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 10, f. 5-8

?L. p. saifuli Hanafusa, 1992

Siberut?

Lexias dirtea (Fabricius, 1793)

-. See [About maps] Archduke
Papilio dirtea Fabricius, 1793; Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 59, no. 184, TL: Naga Hills, Myanmar
intermedia Tytler²
dirtea f. esmalta (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 687, TL: Malay
Euthalia dirtea ; [BOW: pl. 144, f. 1]
Lexias dirtea ; [BOR, 367]; [MRS, 503]
Lexias dirtea f. esmalta ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 11, f. 2, pl. 18, f. 7

L. d. dirtea

NE.India (Naga Hills) Lexias dirtea dirtea ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. d. khasiana (Swinhoe, 1890)

NE.India (Assam) - Burma, Yunnan? Dark Archduke Southern Archduke?
Euthalia khasiana Swinhoe, 1890; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 5 (29) : 354, TL: Khasia Hills
khasiana r. khasiana ; [BIR, (Bhutan,Sikkim,NE.India (Hills))]
khasiana r. intermedia ; [BIR, (Manipur)]
Lexias khasiana ;
Euthalia khasiana ; [EBW]
Lexias dirtea khasiana ; [MRS, 503]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 17, f. 1

L. d. toonchai Murayama & Kimura, 1991

N.Thailand Lexias dirtea opertus Tsukada, 1991

= ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

Lexias dirtea gratus Tsukada, 1991

= ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

Lexias dirtea toonchaii ; (missp.?)
Lexias dirtea toonchai ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 17, f. 3-6

L. d. agosthena (Fruhstorfer, 1914)

S.China (Kwangtung), Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam Adolias dirtea agosthena Fruhstorfer, 1914; Ent. Rundschau 31 (1) : 2, TL: Cochinchina
Lexias dirtea agosthena, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias dirtea agosthena ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 17, f. 2

L. d. merguia (Tytler, 1926)

S.Myanmar, Tenasserim, S.Thailand, Malaysia Adolias merguia Tytler, 1926; J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (3) : 580
Lexias dirtea maga Tsukada, 1991; , TL: Singapore

= ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

Lexias dirtea pluvius Tsukada, 1991; , TL: SE.Thailand

= ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

Lexias dirtea merguia, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias dirtea merguia ; [BMP: 190, pl. 28, f. 19]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 16, f. 1-2, pl. 11, f. 1-2

L. d. montana (Hagen, 1896)

Sumatra Symphaedra dirtea var. montana Hagen, 1896; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 9 (1) : 172, TL: Sumatra
Lexias dirtea montana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 18, f. 1-8

L. d. inimitabilis Tsukada, 1991

Siberut (Mentawei Is.) Lexias dirtea inimitabilis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 16, f. 5-8

L. d. insulanus Tsukada, 1991

Bangka, Lingga, Singkep Lexias dirtea insulanus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 19, f. 5-8

L. d. javana (Fruhstorfer, 1898)

W.Java Adolias dirtea javana Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 175, TL: Java
Lexias dirtea javana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 19, f. 3-4

L. d. aquilus Tsukada, 1991

Anambas group Lexias dirtea aquilus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 16, f. 3-4

L. d. baliaris Tsukada, 1991

Natuna Is. Lexias dirtea baliaris ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6

L. d. chalcedonides (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Borneo dirtea chalcedonides (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 689, TL: Borneo
?Lexias dirtea nanus Tsukada, 1991; , TL: Sarawak
?Lexias dirtea opicus Tsukada, 1991; , TL: Sabah
Lexias dirtea chalcedonides ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 6, pl. 19, 1-2

L. d. annae (Hagen, 1896)

Bawean Symphaedra annae Hagen, 1896; Jahrb. Nass. Nat. 49 : 186, pl. 4, f. 9
Lexias dirtea annae ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 20, f. 4-8

L. d. palawana (Moore, [1897])

Philippines (Palawan) Adolias palawana Moore, [1897]; Lepidoptera Indica 3 (28): 73, TL: Palawan
Lexias dirtea palawana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 17, f. 7-8

?L. d. iwasakii Okubo, 1983

Lexias dirtea iwasakii Okubo, 1983; Tyō to Ga 33: 175, f. 25-26, TL: Tioman

L. d. bontouxi (Vitalis de Salvaza, 1924)

S.Yunnan, ...? Euthalia dirtea bontouxi Vitalis de Salvaza, 1924; Faune ent. Indo-Chine fr. 3: 44
Lexias dirtea bontouxi, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias dirtea bontouxi ; Huang & Xue, 2004, Neue Ent. Nachr. 57: 139 (name)

Lexias canescens (Butler, [1869])

-. See [About maps] Symphaedra canescens Butler, [1869]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 612, pl. 45, f. 5
Euthalia canescens ; [EBW, (name only)]
Lexias canescens ; [BOR, 370]

L. c. canescens

Borneo Lexias canescens pacalis Yokochki, 1993; , TL: Laut Is.
Lexias canescens canescens ; [BOR, 370]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 24, f. 5-6

L. c. civetta (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Sumatra canescens civetta (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 690, TL: Sumatra
?Lexias canescens albata Yokochi, 1992; , TL: Aceh
Lexias canescens civetta ; [BOR, 370]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 24, f. 3

L. c. pardalina (Staudinger, 1886)

Peninsular Malaya Symphaedra pardalina Staudinger, 1886; in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1 (13): 154 (part 15), (10): pl. 54 (as pardalis)
Lexias canescens pardalina, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Lexias canescens pardalina ; [BOR, 370]; [BMP: 190, pl. 28, f. 16]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 24, f. 4

L. c. tigrina (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Bangka I. canescens tigrina (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 690, TL: Bangka
Lexias canescens tigrina ; [BOR, 370]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7

L. c. ornatus Tsukada, 1991

Belitung Lexias canescens ornatus ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 24, f. 1-2, 7-8

L. c. leopardina (Fruhstorfer, 1913)

Sulu Is. canescens leopardina (Fruhstorfer, 1913) (Euthalia); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 690, TL: Sulu I.
Lexias canescens leopardina ; [BOR, 370]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7

Lexias aeetes (Hewitson, [1861])

-. See [About maps] Symphaedra aeetes Hewitson, [1861]; Ill. exot. Butts 2 (26): pl. 1 [??], f. 1-2
Adolias aeetes ab. ignigena Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 193
Euthalia aeetes ; [BOW: pl. 143, f. 12]
Lexias aeetes ; [BOR, 367]

L. a. aeetes

N.Sulawesi Lexias aeetes aeetes ; [BOR, 367]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 23, f. 1-2

L. a. satellita (Jurriaanse & Lindemans, 1920)

C.Sulawesi Euthalia aeetes satellita Jurriaanse & Lindemans, 1920; Tijdschr. Ent. 62 (Suppl.) : 25, pl. 5, f. 529
Lexias aeetes satellita ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 23, f. 3-4, 6

?L. a. tyrtaeus (Staudinger, 1886)

S.Sulawesi aeetes tyrtaeus (Staudinger, 1886) (Symphaedra); in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1 (13): 154, TL: Celebes
?Lexias aeetes tyrtaeus ; [BOR, 367]

L. a. phasiana (Butler, 1884)

S.Sulawesi Symphaedra phasiana Butler, 1884; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 13 (73) : 60, TL: Macassar
Adolias aeetes rubellio Fruhstorfer, 1898; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 198, TL: Bangkai
?Symphaedra aeetes meridionalis Fruhstorfer, 1897; Soc. Ent. 11 (19): 155, TL: Celebes
?Symphaedra aeetes meridionalis ; Fruhstorfer, 1898, Berl. Ent. Zs. 42 (3/4) : 335
Lexias aeetes rubellio ; [BOR, 367]; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 23, f. 5, 7-8
Lexias aeetes phasiana ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 22, f. 1-4, 6-8

L. a. butongensis Tsukada, 1991

Buton Is. Lexias aeetes butongensis ; Casteleyn, 2004, Butterflies of the world, 18: 7, pl. 22, f. 5

Lexias acutipenna Chou & Li, 1994

Guangxi. See [About maps] Lexias acutipenna Chou & Li, 1994; in Chou, Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium 1-2: 763, 505, f. 45-46, TL: Guangxi, Longkuang 200m

24.10.2011 (17)

References:

[About maps]

Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.

[BAUR]

D'Abrera, 1977; Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn)

[BIR]

Wynter-Blyth, M. A., 1957; Butterflies of the Indian Region; (1982 Reprint)

[BMP]

Eliot (Ed.), Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992; The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula; 4th edition; ISBN 983-9681-05-2

[BOR]

D'Abrera, B., 1982, 1985, 1986; Butterflies of the Oriental Region, Part I-III

[BOW]

Lewis, H. L., 1974; Butterflies of the World; ISBN 0 245 52097 X

[Don Herbison-Evans]

and Stella A. Crossley; Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia; e-mail: Don Herbison-Evans; e-mail: Don Herbison-Evans

[EBW]

Smart, Paul, 1976; The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World; ISBN 0 600 31381 6

[LAMAS-2005]

Gerardo Lamas; Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)

[LAMAS-NEO]

Gerardo Lamas; Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)

[MRS]

Chou Io (Ed.); Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium, 1-2

[NHM]

Natural History Museum; The Global Lepidoptera Names Index

[Wahlberg]

Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group

[Yutaka Inayoshi]

A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China; Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM

[²]

This may require parentheses or not. I don't have the necessary information for this taxon.

Some related literature:

Boisduval, [1832]

Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandément de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'Océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage. Lépidoptčres in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1 : 1-267, pl. 1-5

Butler, [1869]

A monographic Revision of the Lepidoptera hitherto included in the Genus Adolias, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1868 (3) : 599-615, pl. 45

Butler, 1884

Lepidoptera from the Island of Nias Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 13 (73) : 58-60

Casteleyn, 2004

Nymphalidae VIII, Lexias Butterflies of the world, 18: 8pp, 24pls

Corbet, 1941

Further revisional Notes on Malayan Rhopalocera Entomologist 74 (6): 133-135

Crowley, 1895

Description of a new Species of Symphaedra Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 16 : 437

Doherty, 1891

The Butterflies of Sumba and Sumbawa, with some Account of the Island of Sumba J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 60 Pt.II (2) : 141-197, pl. 2

C. & R. Felder, 1861

Lepidoptera nova a Dr. Carolo Semper in Insulis Philippinis collecta diagnosibus. (1) Wien. ent. Monats. 5 (10) : 297-306

Fruhstorfer, 1896

Neue Rhopaloceren aus dem malayischen Archipel Ent. Nachr. 22 (3) : 39-40 ([1] February)

Fruhstorfer, 1897

Neue Rhopaloceren aus dem malayischen Archipel Soc. Ent. 11 (17): 139-140 (1 December, 1896), (19): 155-156 (1 January, 1897), (20): 164 (15 January, 1897), (21): 172-173 (1 February, 1897)

Fruhstorfer, 1898

Neue Rhopaloceren aus dem Indo-malayischen Archipel Berl. Ent. Zs. 42 (3/4) : 311-343 (mid July)

Fruhstorfer, 1898

Monographische Revision der Nymphaliden-Gruppe Symphaedra und Adolias Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11 (1) : 160-208 (10 August)

Fruhstorfer, 1906

Neue Euthaliiden Soc. Ent. 20 (19) : 148-149, 1 fig. (1 January)

Fruhstorfer, 1913

6. Familie: Nymphalidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 453-456 (31 January, 1912), : 457-488 (18 March, 1912), : 489-496 (25 May, 1912), : 489-496 (10 May, 1912), : 497-504 (15 April, 1912), : 505-512 (10 May, 1912), : 513-528 (11 April, 1912), : 529-552 (20 April, 1912), : 553-592 (15 May, 1912), : 593-616 (25 September, 1912), : 617-632 (15 October, 1912), : 633-640 (25 October, 1912), : 641-656 (10 January, 1913), : 657-664 (12 January, 1913), : 665-680 (13 January, 1913), : 681-688 (25 January, 1913), : 689-696 (16 June, 1913), : 697-704 (5 August, 1913), : 705-712 (20 January, 1914), : 713-720 (20 November, 1913), : 721-744 (9 March, 1914), : 745-751 (30 July, 1915), : 753-760 (28 March, 1914), : 761-766 (14 April, 1914)

Fruhstorfer, 1914

Rhopaloceren von Cochinchina Ent. Rundschau 31 (1) : 1-3 (10 January)

Hagen, 1892

Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhopaloceren der Insel Banka Berl. ent. Z. 37 : 139-158

Hagen, 1896

Verzeichnis der von mir auf Sumatra gefangene Rhopaloceren Dt. ent. Z. Iris 9 (1) : 153-187

Hagen, 1896

Beitrag zur kenntnis der Rhopaloceren-fauna der Insel Bawean Jahrb. Nass. Nat. 49 : 173-188, pl. 4

Hemming, 1967

Generic names of the butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), Suppl.: -

Hewitson, [1861]

Illustrations of new species of exotic Butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson (1857-1861) Ill. exot. Butts 2 (21): [31-32],[45-46],[55-56], pl. [16],[23],[28] (1857), (22): [47-48],[117-120], pl. [24],[59-60] (1857), (23): [51-52],[63-64],[79-80], pl. [26],[32],[40] (1857), (24): [15-16],[43-44],[99-100], pl. [8],[22],[50] (1857), (25): [25-26],[57-58],[115-116], pl. [13],[29],[58] (1858), (26): [1-2],[33-34],[101-102], pl. [1],[17],[51] (1858), (27): [17-18],[23-24],[85-86], pl. [9],[12],[43] (1858), (28): [59-62],[103-104], pl. [30-31],[52] (1858), (29): [65-68],[105-106], pl. [33-34],[53] (1859), (30): [3-4],[35-36],[53-54], pl. [2],[18],[27] (1859), (31): [41-42],[55-56],[107-108], pl. [21],[38],[54] (1859), (32): [73-74],[93-94],[109-110], pl. [37],[47],[55] (1859), (33): [81-84],[111-112], pl. [41-42],[56] (1859), (34): [71-72],[77-78],[95-96], pl. [36],[39],[48] (1860), (35): [27-28],[97-98],[113-114], pl. [14],[49],[57] (1860), (36): [19-22],[29-30], pl. [10-11],[15] (1860), (37): [7-8],[89-92], pl. [4],[45-46] (1861), (38): [9-12],[37-38], pl. [5-6],[19] (1861), (39): [5-6],[39-40],[87-88], pl. [3],[20],[44] (1861), (40): [13-14],[49-50],[69-70],[121-124], pl. [7],[25],[35] (1861)

Hewitson, [1863]

Illustrations of new species of exotic Butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson (1862-1865) Ill. exot. Butts 3 (41): [79-82],[105-106], pl. [40-41],[53] (1862), (42): [59-60],[83-84],[107-108], pl. [30],[42],[54] (1862), (43): [69-70],[73-74],[85-86], pl. [35],[37],[43] (1862), (44): [7-8],[67-68],[97-98], pl. [4],[34],[49] (1862), (45): [29-30],[65-66] (1863), (46): [61-62],[75-78],[101-102], pl. [31],[38-39],[51] (1863), (47): [13-14],[99-100],[115-116], pl. [7],[50],[58] (1863), (48): [63-64],[71-72],[117-118], pl. [32],[36],[59] (1863), (49): [1-2],[17-18],[27-28], pl. [1],[9],[14] (1864), (50): [19-24], pl. [10-12] (1864), (51): [25-26],[33-34],[55-56], pl. [13],[17],[28] (1864), (52): [41-42],[87-90], pl. [21],[44-45] (1864), (53): [3-4],[31-32],[43-46], pl. [2],[16],[22-23] (1865), (54): [5-6],[35-36], pl. [3],[18] (1865), (55): [15-16],[109-112], pl. [8],[55-56] (1865), (56): [37-38],[45-46],[95-96], pl. [19],[23],[48] (1865), (57): [49-50],[91-92],[103-104],[119-120], pl. [25],[46],[52],[60] (1866), (58): [51-52],[57-58], pl. [26],[29] (1866), (59): [9-10],[39-40],[93-94], pl. [5],[20],[47] (1866), (60): [11-12],[53-54],[113-114],[121-124], pl. [6],[27],[57] (1866), : iv

Huang & Xue, 2004

A Contribution to the Butterfly Fauna of Southern Yunnan Neue Ent. Nachr. 57: 135-154, pl. 11

Joicey & Noakes, 1915

New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2) : 177-197, pl. 21-28

Jurriaanse & Lindemans, 1920

Bijdrage tot de kennis der Lepidoptera van Z.O.-Celebes en omliggende eilanden Tijdschr. Ent. 62 (Suppl.) : 1-39

Linnaeus, 1758

Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1 : 1-338, : 339-824

Linnaeus, 1764

Museum S'ae R'ae M'tis Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae Svecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque Mus. Lud. Ulr.: vi + 720 + [2]

Linnaeus, 1767

Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, .... Editio Duocecima Reformata. Tom. 1. Part II. Syst. Nat. (Edn 12) 1 (2): -,533-1327

Moore, 1878

List of Lepidopterous Insects collected by the late R. Swinhoe in the Island of Hainan Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3) : 695-708

Moore, [1897]

Lepidoptera Indica. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub-family Nymphalinae (continued), Groups Potamina, Euthalina, Limenitina Lepidoptera Indica 3 (25): 1-24, pl. 191-198 (1896), (26): 25-48, pl. 199-206 (1896), (27): 49-72, pl. 207-214 (1897), (28): 73-96, pl. 215-222 (1897), (29): 97-112, pl. 223-230 (1897), (30): 113-128, pl. 231-238 (1898), (31): 129-144, pl. 239-246 (1898), (32): 145-168, pl. 247-254 (1898), (33): 169-192, pl. 255-262 (1898), (34): 193-216, pl. 263-270 (1898), (35): 217-232, pl. 271-278 (1898), (36): 233-254, pl. 279-286 (1899)

van de Poll, 1895

New Rhopalocera from the island of Nias Tijdschr. Ent. 38 : 6-8

Okubo, 1983

Butterflies of Tioman Island, West Malaysia, with the description of new species Tyō to Ga 33: 168-184, 47 figs

Semper, 1888

Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen Reisen Philipp. (1): 1-46, pl. 1-8, A (1886), (2): 47-86, pl. 9-16 (1887), (3): 87-134, pl. 17-24 (1888), (4): 135-174, pl. 25-32 (1889), (5): 175-238, pl. 33-38, B (1890), (6): 239-270, pl. 39-46 (1891), (7): 271-380, pl. 47-49 [iv] (1892)

Staudinger, 1886

Exotische Tagfalter in sysmatischer Reihenfolge mit Berücksichtigung neuer Arten in Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1 (1): 3-6, pl. 1-5 (1884), (2): 7-10, pl. 6-10 (1884), (3): 11-14, pl. 11-15 (1884), (4): 15-22, pl. 16-20 (1884), (5): 23-30, pl. 21-25 (1884), (6): 31-38, pl. 26-30 (1884), (7): 39-46, pl. 31-35 (1885), (8): 47-58, pl. 30-40 (1885), (9): 59-82, pl. 41-50 (1885), (10): 83-102, pl. 51-60 (1885), (11): 103-122, pl. 61-65 (1886), (12): 123-138, pl. 66-70 (1886), (13): 139-158, pl. 71-75 (1886), (14): 159-174, pl. 76-80 (1886), (15): 175-194, pl. 81-85 (1887), (16): 195-214, pl. 86-90 (1887), (17): 215-234, pl. 91-95 (1887), (18): 235-270, pl. 96-98 (1888), (19): 1-2,271-333, pl. 99-100 (1888)

Strand, 1910

Schmetterlinge aus Zentral- und West-Sumatra, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. Max Moszkowski Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (10) : 190-208

Strand, 1913

Zweites Verzeichnis von Herrn Prof. Dr. L. Schultze in Neu-Guinea gesammelter Lepidoptera Archiv Naturgesch. 78 A (11) : 64-69

Swinhoe, 1890

New Species of Indian Butterflies Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 5 (29) : 353-365

Tytler, 1926

Notes on some new and interesting Butterflies from India and Burma (2) J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (3) : 578-590, pl. 1 [?], 2-3, 5

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.