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Pachysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Pachysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903; Novit. Zool. 9 (Suppl.) : 339, TS: Smerinthus modesta Harris
Pachysphinx ; Eitschberger, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 159
Pachysphinx (Smerinthinae) ; [MABL]
Pachysphinx (Smerinthini) ; [HMW, 16]
Pachysphinx modesta (Harris, 1839)
NA. See [About maps] Modest Sphinx Big Poplar Sphinx
Smerinthus modesta Harris, 1839; Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 36 (2): 29: 292, TL: Massachusetts(?)
Smerinthus princeps Walker, 1856; List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 8: 255
Smerinthus populicola Boisduval, [1875]; Hist. nat. Insectes (Spéc. gén. Lépid Héterocères) 8: 22-23, TL: Canada
Smerinthus cablei Reizenstein, 1881; Scribner's Monthly Illustrated Magazine, 22: 864, TL: Spanish Fort (near New Orleans), Louisiana
Pachysphinx modesta borealis Clark, 1929; Proc. New England Zool. Cl. 11: 18, TL: McCreary, Manitoba
Pachysphinx modesta, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
Pachysphinx modesta, E.H. Strickland Ent. Mus, U of [ALBERTA]
Pachysphinx modesta, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Pachysphinx modesta, Lynn Scott's Lepidoptera Images [Lynn Scott]
 Pachysphinx modesta ; [HMW]; [MABL]; Eitschberger, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 159, 180-182 (gen.)

Larva on Salix, Populus [MNA21]

Pachysphinx occidentalis (H. Edwards, 1875)
California - Arizona - Colorado, Texas, Washington. See [About maps] Western Poplar Sphinx
Smerinthus modestus var. occidentalis H. Edwards, 1875; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 6 : 92, TL: San Diego, California
Pachysphinx occidentalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
Pachysphinx occidentalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Pachysphinx occidentalis, The Moths of Southeastern Arizona [Bruce Walsh]
 Pachysphinx occidentalis ; [HMW]; Eitschberger, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 160, 186 (gen.), pl. XI, f. 2

Larva on Populus, Salix [MNA21]

P. o. occidentalis
Mexico, ...? Pachysphinx occidentalis occidentalis ; [MABL]
P. o. peninsularis Cary, 1963
Mexico, ...? Pachysphinx modesta peninsularis Cary, 1963; Ann. Carn. Mus. 36: 198-199, TL: San José del Cabo, Baja California, Mexico
Pachysphinx occidentalis peninsularis ; [HMW]; [MABL]
Pachysphinx (?occidentalis/?imperator) peninsularis ; Eitschberger, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 160
Pachysphinx imperator (Strecker, [1878])
Arizona. See [About maps] Smerinthus imperator Strecker, [1878]; Lep. Rhopal. Het. (14): 125, pl. 14, f. 3, TL: Arizona
= Pachysphinx occidentalis (Edwards, [1875]); [HMW]
Pachysphinx modesta imperator f. imperator Rothschild & Jordan, 1903; Novit. Zool. 9 (Suppl.) : 342-343 [gen.vern.], TL: Arizona, Phoenix
Pachysphinx modesta imperator f. kunzei Rothschild & Jordan, 1903; Novit. Zool. 9 (Suppl.) : 343, TL: [gen.aest.];Arizona, Phoenix
= Pachysphinx occidentalis (Edwards, [1875]); [HMW]
Pachysphinx imperator ; Eitschberger, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 159, 183-185 (gen.), pl. XI, f. 1
P. i. regalis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Pachysphinx modesta regalis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903; REF#c: 343, TL: Jalisco, Mexico
Pachysphinx occidentalis regalis ; [HMW]
Pachysphinx imperator regalis ; Eitschberger, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 159

23.9.2006 (3)

References:
[ALBERTA]
University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum; Browse Entomology Collection
[About maps]
Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.
[BAMONA]
Paul Opler, Harry Pavulaan, Ray Stanford, Michael Pogue; Butterflies and Moths of North America; Mountain Prairie Information Node
[Bruce Walsh]
Bruce Walsh; e-mail: Bruce Walsh; The Moths of Southeastern Arizona; Butterflies of Southeastern Arizona
[HMW]
Kitching & Cadiou, 2000; Hawkmoths of the World; An annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
[LAMAS-NEO]
Gerardo Lamas; Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)
[Lynn Scott]
Moths of the Ottawa Area; Lynn Scott's Lepidoptera Images
[MABL]
Manuel A. Balcázar Lara; Palomillas de México
[MNA21]
Ronald W. Hodges, 1971; The Moths of America North of Mexico; Fascicle 21; SPHINGOIDEA
[MPG]
North American Moth Photographers Group

Some related literature:
Boisduval, [1875]
Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Species general des Lépidoptères Héterocères. Tome Premier. Sphingides, Sesiides, Castnides. Vol. 8. Paris, France. pp 4 & 568 pp. Hist. nat. Insectes (Spéc. gén. Lépid Héterocères) 8: 568pp
Cary, 1963
Reports on the Margaret M. Cary and Carnegie Museum Expedition to Baja California, Mexico, 1961. 2. The Family Sphingidae Ann. Carn. Mus. 36: 193-204
Clark, 1929
Sundry notes on Sphingidae, descriptions of sixteen new forms and of one new genus Proc. New England Zool. Cl. 11: 7-24
H. Edwards, 1875
Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, No. 11. - List of the Sphingidae of California and Adjacent Districts, with Descriptions of New Species Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 6 : 86-94
Eitschberger, 2002
Revidierte Checkliste der Gattungen Amorpha Hübner, [1819], Laothoe Fabricius, 1807, Pachysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 und Phyllosphingia Swinhoe, 1897 Neue Ent. Nachr. 53: 151-195
Harris, 1839
Descriptive catalogue of the North American insects belonging to the Linnean genus Sphinx in the cabinet of Thaddeus William Harris Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 36 (2): 282-320
Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
A revision of the Lepidopterous family Sphingidae Novit. Zool. 9 (Suppl.) : 1-813, : 815-972, pl. 1-67
Strecker, [1878]
Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, indigenous and exotic, with descriptions and colored illustrations Lep. Rhopal. Het. (1): 1-7, pl. 1 (1872), (2): 9-15, pl. 2 (1873), (3): 17-24, pl. 3 (1873), (4): 25-32, pl. 4 (1873), (5): 33-43, pl. 5 (1873), (6): 45-50, pl. 6 (1873), (7): 51-60, pl. 7 (1873), (8): 61-70, pl. 8 (1874), (9): 71-80, pl. 9 (1874), (10): 81-94, pl. 10 (1874), (11): 95-100, pl. 11 (1874), (12): 101-108, pl. 12 (1875), (13): 109-123, pl. 13 (1876), (14): 125-134, pl. 14 (1878), (15): 135-143, pl. 15 (1878)
Walker, 1856
List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 8: 1-271 (1856)

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.