Path: santra!tut!draken!kth!mcvax!uunet!husc6!cfa!cfa250!willner From: willner@cfa250.harvard.edu (Steve Willner P-316 x57123) Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space Subject: Asteroid Nearby Keywords: asteroid collision Message-ID: <1504@cfa183.cfa250.harvard.edu> Date: 23 Apr 89 06:51:33 GMT Followup-To: sci.astro Organization: Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Lines: 83 Xref: santra sci.astro:3149 sci.space:9387 [Following is the text of a NASA press release. Apologies if someone else posts the same thing, but I haven't seen it yet. Followups to sci.astro are probably best.] Paula Cleggett-Haleim Headquarters, Washington, D.C. April 19, 1989 (Phone: 202/453-1548) NASA ASTRONOMER DISCOVERS "NEAR-MISS" ASTEROID THAT PASSED EARTH An asteroid, a half-mile or more in diameter, passed within a half million miles of the Earth - about twice the distance to the moon - on March 23, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration said today. "On the cosmic scale of things, that was a close call," said Dr. Henry Holt. Holt is a University of Arizona astronomer who discovered the asteroid while working on a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project, funded by NASA, to detect and track unknown asteroids that cross the orbit of the Earth. The project is headed by Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, USGS. Dr. Bevan French, advanced program scientist for NASA's Solar System Exploration Division, Washington, D.C., said that if the asteroid had collided with the Earth, the impact would have been equivalent to the explosion of 20,000 hydrogen bombs creating a crater 5 to 10 miles in diameter - "enough to destroy a good-sized city." Landing in the ocean could have been worse since huge tidal waves could have been created that would sweep over coastal regions, he said. Although scientists do not know the asteroid's exact size, they believe it to be over a half-mile in diameter. A 6-mile- diameter asteroid hit the Earth about 65 million years ago. It is popularly believed that this caused a global catastrophe that destroyed the dinosaurs. The asteroid, currently designated 1989FC, came closer to Earth than any recorded since Hermes in l937, according to Dr. Brian Marsden, director of the Minor Planets Center at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. Hermes passed the Earth at approximately the same distance as 1989FC. The observatory, which is the international clearinghouse for such discoveries, recorded the discoveries of about 1,800 asteroids [This sounds far too high to me. Maybe it includes recoveries of previously known asteroids. Or maybe I'm all wet.--SW] in l988. In the designation l989FC, l989 is the year of discovery; F indicates discovery in the sixth half-month of the year (i.e. the end of March); C indicates that the asteroid was the third discovered in that period. If the asteroid is successfully observed on two subsequent approaches to Earth, Holt will be entitled to name it. Holt discovered the asteroid on a series of photographic plates taken March 31 using the 18-inch Schmidt telescope at the California Institute of Technology's Mount Palomar Observatory in California. The object - estimated to be travelling 46,000 miles an hour - appeared as a trail of light in two photographs of the sky near the constellation Coma Berenices. They were taken an hour apart. The asteroid was detected when the two photographic plates were examained under a stereo microscope. "I knew it was travelling fast by the elliptical spot that it created," said Holt. During the week following the discovery, subsequent observations of l989FC were made by Holt and other astronomers to determine its orbit. Like the Earth, l989FC takes about a year to go around the Sun. But its orbit is highly elliptical and extends past the orbit of Mars and inward past the orbit of Venus. Asteroid 1989FC is now moving rapidly away from the Earth and Sun. It will return, crossing the Earth's orbit again in early October 1989, this time at a greater distance from Earth. Asteroid l989FC is only one of about 30 Earth-crossing asteroids that have been discovered, although there may be many more. Estimates range from several hundred to more than a thousand. Holt and Shoemaker regularly observe the sky during the "dark of the moon," the period just before and just after the new moon. -- Steve Willner Phone 617-495-7123 Bitnet: willner@cfa 60 Garden St. FTS: 830-7123 UUCP: willner@cfa Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Internet: willner@cfa.harvard.edu Path: santra!tut!draken!kth!mcvax!uunet!lll-winken!csd4.milw.wisc.edu!bionet!agate!ucbvax!hplabs!hp-pcd!hpcvlx!gvg From: gvg@hpcvlx.HP.COM (Greg Goebel) Newsgroups: sci.space Subject: Re: Re: Asteroid Encounter Message-ID: <101270016@hpcvlx.HP.COM> Date: 1 May 89 15:21:48 GMT References: <101270015@hpcvlx.HP.COM> Organization: Hewlett-Packard Co., Corvallis, OR, USA Lines: 93 Dealing With Threats From Space Michael Lemonick TIME / 9 JUN 86 / P 65 It is a sunny afternoon in Karachi, and streets of Pakistan's largest city are crowded with shoppers, apparently unconcerned about the rising tension between Pakistan and India. Suddenly a second sun bursts into view overhead, so bright it temporarily blinds thousands and so hot it blisters the skin. Thirty seconds later, the shock wave hits, crumbling buildings and throwing people to the ground. To the Pakistanis, only one explanation is possible for the tremendous blast: India has launched a nuclear attack. They immediately order their bombers, armed with atomic bombs, to strike back at India, which responds in kind. Only later do the surviving officials learn of their mistake. The object that exploded over Karachi was not a nuclear weapon but a large meteor hurtling in from outer space. Though this sounds like the plot for a TV movie, Eugene Shoemaker, a respected US Geological Survey scientist, is concerned that just such an event -- and an unwarranted reaction -- could occur. Shoemaker expressed his fears at a Baltimore meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU): "The effect of a meteor blast appears the same as a high-altitude nuclear explosion," he said. "If this happens in the wrong place, people will think they've been nuked." Meteors, which are asteroids or cometary debris that has entered the atmosphere, continually shower the Earth. Most of them are small and either break up or are burned to ash by friction. But, explains Shoemaker, the incineration of larger asteroids is far more violent. As asteroid 80 feet across, striking the atmosphere at 50,000 MPH, compresses the air in its path so much that in effect the asteroid is stopped dead in its path, converting kinetic energy almost instantaneously into heat, light, and a powerful shock wave. That causes a tremendous explosion, in this case equivalent to a one-megaton bomb. If a meteor were to burst in the atmosphere tomorrow, Shoemaker says, "the Soviets and the US would know what it was" and not react militarily. Their detectors could distinguish between a nuclear explosion -- which generates million-degree temperatures, X-rays, and gamma rays -- and an exploding meteor -- which would produce considerably lower temperatures and no deadly radiation. But smaller nations, unaware of the nature of the blast, might react violently. Says Shoemaker: "Suppose it happens over Syria or Pakistan?" He proposes that the US immediately try to determine whether the explosion was of cosmic origin and notify the affected nation. Since 1973, Shoemaker has been photographing the sky in search of asteroids that periodically cross the Earth's orbit and thus pose a danger of collision. To date, he says, 57 such asteroids at least 1 km in diameter have been catalogued. In addition, about three Earth-crossing comets are detected each year. From the rate at which new Earth-crossers are detected, Shoemaker estimates that there are some 2,000 asteroids in this category and that 100 comets intersect the Earth's orbit every year. His calculations suggest that asteroids packing the explosive energy of one megaton should enter the atmosphere on an average of once every 30 years, larger asteroids with a 20-megaton punch every 400 years, and a 1 km, 10,000 megaton comet or asteroid once in 100,000 years. This century has already seen a major meteorite blast. In 1908, either an asteroid or comet exploded about five miles above the remote Stony Tunguska River region of Siberia, igniting and flattening trees over hundreds of square miles. From descriptions of the blast and photographs of the damage, scientists have estimated that the object was at least 200 feet across and caused a 12-megaton explosion. Depending on their velocity, size, and composition, some meteors survive the fiery trip through the atmosphere at hit the ground, at which point they are called meteorites. Most are in the form of pebbles or small rocks, but occasionally they are much larger. Scientists think it was a 130-foot chunk of meteoric iron that hit Arizona with a force of 15 megatons between 20,000 and 50,000 years ago, digging a crater three-quarters of a mile across and 600 feet deep. But even greater menace lurks in the darkness of space. Scientists have speculated that objects as large as several miles across have crashed into the Earth, spewing millions of tons of debris into the atmosphere, blotting out the Sun for months or years, and causing mass extinctions of life -- including, many believe, the dinosaurs. Of the known larger Earth-crossers, none seem to pose a threat in the near future. But, says Shoemaker, "until we have tracked all of them, something could sneak up on us." What if a large asteroid or comet is discovered heading for the Earth? At the AGU meeting, Shoemaker and colleage Alan Harris, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, suggested that the intruder could be diverted by landing a thrusting device on it. As a last-ditch effort, a small nuclear warhead could be detonated on or near it. Says Shoemaker: "We have the technology to do that right now." But if the explosion simply broke the meteorite into large chunks, the danger would only be multiplied. "The more prudent solution," says Harris, "is to burrow a substantial charge into the object and blow it to smithereens." [<>] Path: santra!tut!draken!kth!mcvax!uunet!lll-winken!ames!oliveb!sun!vygr!mae From: mae@vygr.Sun.COM (Mike Ekberg, Sun {GPD-LEGO}) Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space,sci.space.shuttle Subject: Re: asteroid almost hits earth Message-ID: <103026@sun.Eng.Sun.COM> Date: 4 May 89 19:13:52 GMT References: <256@ringwood.Morgan.COM> <3200009@hpindda.HP.COM> <4566@tekigm2.MEN.TEK.COM> <2635@ssc-vax.UUCP> Sender: news@sun.Eng.Sun.COM Reply-To: mae@sun.UUCP (Mike Ekberg, Sun {GPD-LEGO}) Organization: Sun Microsystems, Mountain View Lines: 148 Xref: santra sci.astro:3228 sci.space:9570 sci.space.shuttle:2454 In article <2635@ssc-vax.UUCP> eder@ssc-vax.UUCP (Dani Eder) writes: > >If an asteroid misses the Earth by 500,000 km, that is about 80 Earth >radii. Let us comapre this to more familiar events and see how this >compares. The mean radius of a car is about 2 meters. 80 times 2 >meters is 160 meters (525 feet.). If a car crosses a 4 way intersection >while you are that far away, do you call it a near miss? I think not. >The collision cross section of an irplane is 20 meters in the horizontal >radius and 4 meters in the vertical direction. A crossing at 1600 >meters horizontal separation (1 mile) is hardly a near hit, as is >320 meters (1000 feet) in the vertical direction. > Carried to an absurd length(reducio ad absurtum(sd?)), let's assume that instead of a another car crossing an intersection a couple of blocks away, a 747 crashes. Or an atomic bomb goes off? (Phewww! just missed me (:-). Please note in the following re-post: "His[ Eugene Shoemaker, a respected US Geological Survey scientist] calculations suggest that asteroids packing the explosive energy of one megaton should enter the atmosphere on an average of once every 30 years, larger asteroids with a 20-megaton punch every 400 years, and a 1 km, 10,000 megaton comet or asteroid once in 100,000 years." Maybe we should consider a cheap form of insurance, like a radar satellite or two pointing out instead of in(of course the shuttle would carry them right)? Note the Siberian comet/asteroid was estimated at 12-megaton, about 80 years ago(so we have 320 years {:->). [3 screen article follows] From decwrl!ucbvax!hplabs!hp-pcd!hpcvlx!gvg Tue May 2 10:05:21 PDT 1989 Article 11311 of sci.space: Path: sun!decwrl!ucbvax!hplabs!hp-pcd!hpcvlx!gvg >From: gvg@hpcvlx.HP.COM (Greg Goebel) Newsgroups: sci.space Subject: Re: Re: Asteroid Encounter Message-ID: <101270016@hpcvlx.HP.COM> Date: 1 May 89 15:21:48 GMT References: <101270015@hpcvlx.HP.COM> Organization: Hewlett-Packard Co., Corvallis, OR, USA Lines: 93 Dealing With Threats From Space Michael Lemonick TIME / 9 JUN 86 / P 65 It is a sunny afternoon in Karachi, and streets of Pakistan's largest city are crowded with shoppers, apparently unconcerned about the rising tension between Pakistan and India. Suddenly a second sun bursts into view overhead, so bright it temporarily blinds thousands and so hot it blisters the skin. Thirty seconds later, the shock wave hits, crumbling buildings and throwing people to the ground. To the Pakistanis, only one explanation is possible for the tremendous blast: India has launched a nuclear attack. They immediately order their bombers, armed with atomic bombs, to strike back at India, which responds in kind. Only later do the surviving officials learn of their mistake. The object that exploded over Karachi was not a nuclear weapon but a large meteor hurtling in from outer space. Though this sounds like the plot for a TV movie, Eugene Shoemaker, a respected US Geological Survey scientist, is concerned that just such an event -- and an unwarranted reaction -- could occur. Shoemaker expressed his fears at a Baltimore meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU): "The effect of a meteor blast appears the same as a high-altitude nuclear explosion," he said. "If this happens in the wrong place, people will think they've been nuked." Meteors, which are asteroids or cometary debris that has entered the atmosphere, continually shower the Earth. Most of them are small and either break up or are burned to ash by friction. But, explains Shoemaker, the incineration of larger asteroids is far more violent. As asteroid 80 feet across, striking the atmosphere at 50,000 MPH, compresses the air in its path so much that in effect the asteroid is stopped dead in its path, converting kinetic energy almost instantaneously into heat, light, and a powerful shock wave. That causes a tremendous explosion, in this case equivalent to a one-megaton bomb. If a meteor were to burst in the atmosphere tomorrow, Shoemaker says, "the Soviets and the US would know what it was" and not react militarily. Their detectors could distinguish between a nuclear explosion -- which generates million-degree temperatures, X-rays, and gamma rays -- and an exploding meteor -- which would produce considerably lower temperatures and no deadly radiation. But smaller nations, unaware of the nature of the blast, might react violently. Says Shoemaker: "Suppose it happens over Syria or Pakistan?" He proposes that the US immediately try to determine whether the explosion was of cosmic origin and notify the affected nation. Since 1973, Shoemaker has been photographing the sky in search of asteroids that periodically cross the Earth's orbit and thus pose a danger of collision. To date, he says, 57 such asteroids at least 1 km in diameter have been catalogued. In addition, about three Earth-crossing comets are detected each year. From the rate at which new Earth-crossers are detected, Shoemaker estimates that there are some 2,000 asteroids in this category and that 100 comets intersect the Earth's orbit every year. His calculations suggest that asteroids packing the explosive energy of one megaton should enter the atmosphere on an average of once every 30 years, larger asteroids with a 20-megaton punch every 400 years, and a 1 km, 10,000 megaton comet or asteroid once in 100,000 years. This century has already seen a major meteorite blast. In 1908, either an asteroid or comet exploded about five miles above the remote Stony Tunguska River region of Siberia, igniting and flattening trees over hundreds of square miles. From descriptions of the blast and photographs of the damage, scientists have estimated that the object was at least 200 feet across and caused a 12-megaton explosion. Depending on their velocity, size, and composition, some meteors survive the fiery trip through the atmosphere at hit the ground, at which point they are called meteorites. Most are in the form of pebbles or small rocks, but occasionally they are much larger. Scientists think it was a 130-foot chunk of meteoric iron that hit Arizona with a force of 15 megatons between 20,000 and 50,000 years ago, digging a crater three-quarters of a mile across and 600 feet deep. But even greater menace lurks in the darkness of space. Scientists have speculated that objects as large as several miles across have crashed into the Earth, spewing millions of tons of debris into the atmosphere, blotting out the Sun for months or years, and causing mass extinctions of life -- including, many believe, the dinosaurs. Of the known larger Earth-crossers, none seem to pose a threat in the near future. But, says Shoemaker, "until we have tracked all of them, something could sneak up on us." What if a large asteroid or comet is discovered heading for the Earth? At the AGU meeting, Shoemaker and colleage Alan Harris, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, suggested that the intruder could be diverted by landing a thrusting device on it. As a last-ditch effort, a small nuclear warhead could be detonated on or near it. Says Shoemaker: "We have the technology to do that right now." But if the explosion simply broke the meteorite into large chunks, the danger would only be multiplied. "The more prudent solution," says Harris, "is to burrow a substantial charge into the object and blow it to smithereens." [<>] # mike (sun!mae), M/S 8-04 "I'd rather sniff French shit for 5 years then eat Chinese shit the rest of my life" -Ho Chi Minh-