= British Isles,Great Britain,England,Ireland,Scotland = Netherlands,Holland = Czechoslovakia,Slovakia = Romania,Rumania = EU,Europe = SEU,S.Europe = CEU,C.Europe = SEEU,SE.Europe = SWEU,SW.Europe = Scandinavia,Fennoscandia EU-IBERIA-PYRENEES EU,SEU,WEU,SWEU Iberia,Spain,Portugal,Pyrenees,S.France EU-PYRENEES-ITALY EU,SEU,Apennines Italy,Sardinia,Corsica :EU-IBERIA-PYRENEES EU-ATLANTIC EU,WEU France,British Isles,Belgium,Netherlands,Denmark :EU-IBERIA-PYRENEES :EU-PYRENEES-ITALY EU-ALPS EU,CEU,Alps N.Italy,Switzerland,Austria :EU-ATLANTIC EU-FOREST EU,CEU Poland,Germany,Lithuania,Latvia,Estonia,Belorussia,Baltia Czechoslovakia,S.Sweden,S.Norway,C.European Russia,Slovakia :EU-ATLANTIC :EU-ALPS EU-BALKANS EU,SEU,SEEU,Balkans,Carpathians Greece,Slovenia,Bosnia,Albania,Macedonia,Serbia,Yugoslavia,Bulgaria,Romania :EU-PYRENEES-ITALY :EU-ALPS :EU-FOREST EU-LAPPLAND EU,NEU Lappland,Finland,N.Europe,N.Scandinavia,N.Fennoscandia,Arctic Europe,N.Finland,N.Sweden,N.Norway EU-TUNDRA EU,NEU,N.Russia,Arctic Europe :EU-LAPPLAND EU-TAIGA EU,NEU Finland,Sweden,Norway,Scandinavia,N.European Russia :EU-TUNDRA :EU-LAPPLAND :EU-FOREST EU-STEPPE Steppe,EU,SEEU,SEU,EEU,Russia,S.Russia,S.European Russia,SW.Siberia Ukraine :EU-FOREST :EU-BALKANS = AP,Palearctic Asia = AS,Tropical Asia = AM,Asia Minor = Pamir,Pamirs = Tajikistan,Tadzhikistan,Tadjikistan = Turkestan,Turkistan = Kirghizia,Kirgizia = Dagestan,Daghestan = Kazakhstan,Kazakstan,Kasakhstan = Himalaya,Himalayas = Ceylon,Sri Lanka = Indo-China,Indo China,Indochina = Burma,Myanmar = Peninsular Malaya,Malaya,Malayan Peninsula,Malay Peninsula = Tian Shan,Tian-Shan,Tien Shan,Tien-Shan = Amur,Amurland = Sajan,Sayan = Chukot,Chukot Peninsula,Chukotka = Kopet Dag,Kopet-Dagh,Kopet Dagh = Arctic Russia,N.Russia = Elburz,Elburs = Aserbaijan,Azerbaijan = Transcaucasia,Transcaucasus = Cambodia,Kampuchea = Nilgiri,Nilgiris ASIA-MINOR AM,AP,SW.Asia Turkey,Anatolia :EU-BALKANS CAUCASUS-ELBURS SEEU,SEU,AP,SW.Asia Caucasus,Caucasia,Armenia,Georgia,Dagestan,Transcaucasia,Elburz,N.Iran,Aserbaijan :ASIA-MINOR :EU-STEPPE SYRIA-IRAN AP,Syria,Iran,Iraq,Mesopotamia,SW.Asia :CAUCASUS-ELBURS :ASIA-MINOR BALUCHISTAN AP,Pakistan,S.Pakistan,Baluchistan :SYRIA-IRAN PAKISTAN-THAR AP,Pakistan,S.Pakistan,Rajasthan,W.India :BALUCHISTAN HINDUKUSH AP,Hindukush,Afghanistan :BALUCHISTAN :SYRIA-IRAN :PAKISTAN-THAR PAMIR-KASHMIR AP,Pamir,Pamiro-Alai,Kashmir,Karakoram,Chitral,NW.India,Ladak,W.Himalayas,Himachal Pradesh,Simla,Darmsala :HINDUKUSH HIMALAYA AP,Himalaya,Nepal :PAMIR-KASHMIR NINDIA-PAKISTAN AS,India,N.India,N.Pakistan,Punjab,Hindustan,Madhya Pradesh,Uttar,Bihar :HIMALAYA :PAKISTAN-THAR :PAMIR-KASHMIR BENGAL AS,West Bengal,Bengal,Bangla Desh,India,NE.India,Bhutan,NE.Himalaya,Sikkim,Calcutta :HIMALAYA ASSAM-NBURMA AS,Assam,N.Burma,Shan States,NE.India,Arunachal Pradesh,Meghalaya,Khasia Hills,Khasis :HIMALAYA :BENGAL WGHATS AS,W.Ghats,S.India,India,Peninsular India :NINDIA-PAKISTAN :PAKISTAN-THAR SINDIA AS,S.India,India,Ceylon,Peninsular India,Maharashtra,Bombay,Poona,Nilgiri :WGHATS :NINDIA-PAKISTAN EGHATS AS,E.Ghats,S.India,India,Peninsular India,Orissa :SINDIA :NINDIA-PAKISTAN NINDO-CHINA AS,Indo-China,Burma,Vietman,N.Vietnam,N.Thailand,Thailand,Laos :ASSAM-NBURMA SINDO-CHINA AS,Indo-China,S.Burma,S.Vietnam,Vietnam,S.Thailand,Thailand,Cambodia,Malaya :NINDO-CHINA TURANIAN AP,Turan,Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Turkestan,Turkmenia,Uralsk :HINDUKUSH :PAMIR-KASHMIR PAMIR-TIEN-SHAN AP,Kirghizia,Tajikistan,SE.Kazakhstan,E.Uzbekistan,Tian Shan,Issyk-Kul,Terskej Alatau,Ghissar,Pamiro-Alai :TURANIAN :PAMIR-KASHMIR TIBET AP,Tibet,Kunlun Shan :PAMIR-KASHMIR YUNNAN-SZECHWAN AP,China,Yunnan,Szechwan,W.China,SW.China :TIBET :HIMALAYA = Gansu,Kansu = Henan,Honan = Sinkiang,Xinjiang = Hebei,Hopei = Beijing,Peking = Shanxi,Sensi,Shensi,Shaanxi,Sansi,Shansi = Ningxia,Ningsia = Szechwan,Sichuan,Szechuan = Hubei,Hupei = Jiangsu,Kiangsu = Zhejiang,Tsekiang,Chekiang = Fujian,Fukien = Jiangxi,Kiangsi = Guangxi,Kuangsi,Kwangsi = Guangdong,Kuangtung,Kwangtung = Tianjin,Tientsin = Gobi,Gobi Desert = Taiwan,Formosa = Baikal,Baikalia = Sikhote Alin,Sikhote-Alin TAKLAMAKAN-GOBI AP,Gobi,Mongolia,S.Mongolia,Inner Mongolia,Sinkiang,Gansu :TIBET :YUNNAN-SZECHWAN :PAMIR-TIEN-SHAN MONGOLIA-STEPPE AP,Steppe,Mongolia,N.Mongolia :TAKLAMAKAN-GOBI AMUR-KOREA AP,Russia,E.Russia,SE.Russia,S.Siberia,SE.Siberia,E.Siberia,E.Asia Primorye,Amur,Ussuri,Sikhote-Alin,Korea,Manchuria,NE.China,Vladivostok :MONGOLIA-STEPPE CCHINA_FOREST AP,China,E.China,Hubei,Henan,Shaanxi,Shanxi,Shandong,Heilongjiang Kiangsu,Anhui,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Ningxia :AMUR-KOREA :YUNNAN-SZECHWAN :TAKLAMAKAN-GOBI :MONGOLIA-STEPPE SCHINA_FOREST AP,Guizhou,Hunan,Jiangxi,China,E.China :CCHINA_FOREST :YUNNAN-SZECHWAN SCHINA AS,Fujian,Guangxi,Hainan,Guangdong,China,S.China,E.China :SCHINA_FOREST :YUNNAN-SZECHWAN :NINDO-CHINA ASIA-STEPPE AP,Steppe,Russia,N.Kazakhstan,S.Urals,S.Siberia,S.Russia :TURANIAN ALTAI-SAJAN AP,Altai,Sajan,W.Mongolia,Tannu Ola,Russia,S.Siberia,Irkutsk :ASIA-STEPPE :MONGOLIA-STEPPE TRANSBAIKALIA AP,Transbaikalia,Dahuria,Buryatia,Russia,E.Russia,S.Siberia,E.Siberia,Baikal :ALTAI-SAJAN :AMUR-KOREA :MONGOLIA-STEPPE WSIBERIA-TAIGA AP,W.Siberia,Russia Yenisei CSIBERIA-TAIGA AP,C.Siberia,Russia :WSIBERIA-TAIGA :ALTAI-SAJAN :TRANSBAIKALIA SIBERIA-TUNDRA AP,Arctic Asia,Russia,Polar Tundra of Siberia,N.Siberia,N.Russia :WSIBERIA-TAIGA :CSIBERIA-TAIGA FAR-EAST-TUNDRA AP,Arctic Asia,Far East,Russia,E.Russia,N.Siberia,NE.Siberia,NE.Asia,N.Russia :SIBERIA-TUNDRA CHUKOT AP,Arctic Asia,Chukot,Far East,Russia,E.Russia,N.Siberia,NE.Asia :FAR-EAST-TUNDRA KAMCHATKA AP,Kamchatka,Far East,Russia,E.Russia,E.Siberia,NE.Asia :CHUKOT MAGADAN-CHUKOT AP,Far East,Magadan,Yakutia,Russia,E.Russia,E.Siberia,NE.Asia :FAR-EAST-TUNDRA :CHUKOT :CSIBERIA-TAIGA :TRANSBAIKALIA JAPAN AP,Japan,Hokkaido :AMUR-KOREA = Sulawesi,Celebes = AU,Australia = Florida I.,Florida Is. = Solomon Islands,Solomon Is.,Florida Is.,Guadalcanal,San Cristobal,Malaita,Choiseul,New Georgia = Admiralty Islands,Admiralty Is.,Manus Is.,Manus Island INDO-PHIL AS,Philippines,Indonesia,Sundaland Sumatra,Java,Sulawesi,Borneo,Bali,Lombo,Sumbawa,Flores,Timor Mindanao,Negros,Panay,Cebu,Bohol,Leyte,Samar,Mindoro,Luzon :SINDO-CHINA NEW-GUINEA AS,New Guinea,Papua,Irian,West Irian Solomon Is.,New Ireland, Bougainville,New Britain,Admiralty Is.,Louisiade,Woodlark :INDO-PHIL AU AU,Queensland,New South Wales :INDO-PHIL :NEW-GUINEA ARABIA AS,Arabia,Saudi-Arabia :SYRIA-IRAN YEMEN-OMAN AS,Yemen,Oman,Arabia,S.Arabia,SW.Arabia,SW.Saudi-Arabia,Aden :ARABIA # # Africa # = AF,Africa = NAF,N.Africa = SAF,S.Africa,South Africa = EAF,E.Africa,East Africa = Moçambique,Mozambique = Zimbabwe,Rhodesia = Malawi,Nyasaland,British Central Africa = Tsad,Chad = Ruanda,Rwanda = Zaïre,Zaire,Congo Republic = Cameroon,Cameroons,Cameroun = Ethiopia,Abyssinia = TAF,Tropical Africa,Afrotropical = SSAF,south of Sahara AF-ATLAS AF,NAF,Morocco,Algeria,Tunisia,NW.Africa,Libya :EU-IBERIA-PYRENEES AF-SAHARA AF,Tibesti,Abaggar,Sahara :AF-ATLAS AF-EGYPT-SUDAN AF,Egypt,Sudan :AF-SAHARA :ARABIA AF-MAURITANIA AF,TAF,SSAF,W.Africa,Mauritania :AF-ATLAS :AF-SAHARA AF-MALI-TSAD AF,TAF,SSAF,Mali,Niger,Tsad,N.Nigeria :AF-MAURITANIA :AF-SAHARA :AF-EGYPT-SUDAN AF-CAR-SUDAN AF,TAF,SSAF,C.A.R,Sudan :AF-SAHARA :AF-MALI-TSAD AF-SIERRA-LEONE-CAMEROUN AF,TAF,SSAF,W.Africa Sierra Leone,Senegal,Gambia,Guinea,Liberia,Ivory Coast,Ghana Burkina Faso,Togo,Benin,Nigeria :AF-MAURITANIA :AF-MALI-TSAD AF-CAMEROUN-UGANDA AF,TAF,SSAF Cameroon,Gabon,Congo,Congo Republic,N.Zaire,Zaire :AF-SIERRA-LEONE-CAMEROUN :AF-CAR-SUDAN AF-UGANDA-VICTORIA AF,TAF,SSAF,Lake Victoria,Uganda,Ruanda,Burundi S.Sudan,E.Kenya,NE.Tanzania,Tanzania,E.Zaire,W.Kenya :AF-CAMEROUN-UGANDA :AF-CAR-SUDAN AF-KENYA-ETHIOPIA AF,EAF,TAF,SSAF Kenya,Ethiopia,N.Somalia :AF-UGANDA-VICTORIA :AF-CAR-SUDAN :YEMEN-OMAN AF-TANZANIA-SOMALI-COAST AF,EAF,TAF,SSAF S.Kenya,Somalia :AF-KENYA-ETHIOPIA AF-MOZAMBIQUE-COAST AF,SAF,TAF,SSAF,Moçambique :AF-TANZANIA-SOMALI-COAST AF-CAPE-MAPUTO AF,SAF,TAF,SSAF,Natal,Transkei,Swaziland,Zululand,Lesotho,Transvaal :AF-MOZAMBIQUE-COAST AF-CAPE AF,SAF,SSAF,Cape :AF-CAPE-MAPUTO AF-KALAHARI-KARROO AF,SAF,TAF,SSAF,Ovamboland,South West Africa,SW.Africa,Namibia,Botswana :AF-CAPE :AF-CAPE-MAPUTO AF-ANGOLA-VICTORIA AF,TAF,SSAF,Angola,S.Zaire :AF-KALAHARI-KARROO :AF-UGANDA-VICTORIA AF-ZIMBABWE-VICTORIA AF,TAF,SSAF,Malawi,Zimbabwe,Zambia,E.Tanzania,Mashonaland :AF-ANGOLA-VICTORIA :AF-MOZAMBIQUE-COAST :AF-KENYA-ETHIOPIA :AF-UGANDA-VICTORIA MADAGASCAR AF,TAF,Madagascar = Rockies,Rocky Mountains = Newfoundland,New Foundland = WNA,W.USA = Tropical America,Neotropical = NA,N.America = N.Carolina,North Carolina = S.Carolina,South Carolina = N.Dakota,North Dakota = S.Dakota,South Dakota = Northwest Territory,Northwest Territories = Prince Edward,Prince Edward Island NA-ALASKA-TUNDRA NA,Arctic America,Alaska NA-CANADA-TUNDRA NA,Arctic America,Canada,Arctic Canada :NA-ALASKA-TUNDRA NA-YUKON-TAIGA NA,Alaska,S.Yukon,Yukon,Mackenzie,NW.Canada :NA-ALASKA-TUNDRA NA-CANADA-WTAIGA NA,Canada,W.Canada,Manitoba,Saskatchewan,Alberta,Northwest Territory :NA-YUKON-TAIGA :NA-CANADA-TUNDRA NA-CANADA-ETAIGA NA,Canada,E.Canada,Quebec,Ontario,S.Canada,Newfoundland,Nova Scotia,Labrador,New Brunswick,Prince Edward New England,Maine,New Hampshire,Rhode Island,Vermont,Massachusetts,Michigan,New York,N.Minnesota,N.Wisconsin,N.Pennsylvania :NA-CANADA-WTAIGA :NA-CANADA-TUNDRA NA-BC-WA-OR NA,British Columbia,Vancouver,Washington,Oregon,NW.USA :NA-YUKON-TAIGA NA-BC NA,Canada,British Columbia,Rockies,SW.Canada,S.Canada,S.Alberta,W.Alberta :NA-BC-WA-OR :NA-YUKON-TAIGA NA-EDMONTON-WINNIPEG NA,S.Alberta,S.Saskatchewan,S.Manitoba,Canada,S.Canada :NA-CANADA-ETAIGA :NA-BC :NA-CANADA-WTAIGA NA-EFOREST NA,Appalachians,ENA,E.USA,USA,NE.USA New Jersey,Arkansas,Kentucky,Tennessee,Illinois,Ohio,Minnesota,Indiana,Virginia Pennsylvania,N.Carolina :NA-CANADA-ETAIGA NA-GRASSLANDS NA,USA,C.USA,ENA Kansas,Oklahoma,Iowa,Nebraska,S.Dakota,N.Dakota,Midwest :NA-EDMONTON-WINNIPEG :NA-EFOREST NA-ROCKIES NA,USA,WNA Rockies,Colorado,Wyoming,Montana,Idaho :NA-GRASSLANDS :NA-BC NA-GREAT-BASIN NA,USA,WNA,Great Basin,Nevada,Utah,SE.Oregon,S.Idaho :NA-ROCKIES :NA-BC-WA-OR NA-SUSA-CALIFORNIA NA,USA,S.USA,California,Baja California :NA-GREAT-BASIN :NA-BC-WA-OR NA-SUSA-ARIZONA NA,USA,WNA,S.USA,Arizona :NA-SUSA-CALIFORNIA :NA-GREAT-BASIN NA-SUSA-NEWMEXICO NA,USA,WNA,S.USA,New Mexico :NA-SUSA-ARIZONA :NA-ROCKIES NA-SUSA-TEXAS NA,USA,ENA,S.USA,Texas :NA-SUSA-NEWMEXICO :NA-GRASSLANDS :NA-EFOREST NA-SUSA-FLORIDA NA,USA,S.USA,SE.USA,Florida,Mississippi,Alabama,NA.Georgia,Louisiana,S.Carolina :NA-SUSA-TEXAS :NA-EFOREST HAWAII Hawaii = CA,C.America CA-MEXICO CA,Mexico :NA-SUSA-CALIFORNIA :NA-SUSA-ARIZONA :NA-SUSA-NEWMEXICO :NA-SUSA-TEXAS CA-ANTILLES CA Panama,Mexico,W.Indies,Antilles,Cuba,Costa Rica,Nicaragua,Guatemala,Honduras,Belize :CA-MEXICO = SA,S.America = Guianas,Guiana,French Guiana,Surinam = Amazon,Amazons,Amazonas,Amazon Basin = Minas Gerais,Minas Geraes = Espirito Santo,Espiritu Santo = São Paulo,Sao Paulo = Parana,Paraná,Paraña = Para,Pará = Amapa,Amapá = Rondonia,Rondônia SA-ANDES-COLOMBIA-ECUADOR SA,Andes,N.Andes,Colombia,Ecuador :CA-ANTILLES SA-VENEZUELA SA,Venezuela,Orinoco,Roraima :SA-ANDES-COLOMBIA-ECUADOR SA-AMAZON-GUINANAS SA,Guianas,Amapa :SA-VENEZUELA SA-AMAZON-SELVAS SA,Amazon,Brazil,Amazonian Brazil,Acre,Rondônia :SA-AMAZON-GUINANAS :SA-VENEZUELA :SA-ANDES-COLOMBIA-ECUADOR SA-ANDES-PERU SA,Peru,Andes,N.Andes :SA-AMAZON-SELVAS :SA-ANDES-COLOMBIA-ECUADOR SA-AMAZON-PARA SA,Amazon,Brazil,Para,Amazonian Brazil :SA-AMAZON-SELVAS :SA-AMAZON-GUINANAS SA-ANDES-BOLIVIA SA,Bolivia,Andes :SA-AMAZON-PARA :SA-ANDES-PERU SA-BRAZIL-CAMPOS SA,S.Brazil,Brazil,Goias,Mato Grosso,Tocantins :SA-ANDES-BOLIVIA :SA-AMAZON-PARA SA-BRAZIL-SOUTH SA,SE.Brazil,S.Brazil,Brazil,Grosso du Sul,Minas Gerais,São Paulo,Parana,Santa Catarina,Rio Grande de Sul,Rio de Janeiro,Espirito Santo :SA-BRAZIL-CAMPOS SA-PAMPAS SA,Pampas,Uruguay,Argentina,Buenos Aires,NE.Argentina :SA-BRAZIL-SOUTH SA-ARGENTINA SA,Argentina,Patagonia :SA-PAMPAS SA-GRAN-CHACO SA,Paraguay,Gran Chaco,N.Argentina,Tucuman :SA-BRAZIL-SOUTH :SA-PAMPAS :SA-ARGENTINA SA-ANDES-CHILE SA,Chile,Andes,S.Andes :SA-GRAN-CHACO :SA-ARGENTINA :SA-ANDES-BOLIVIA # Add ons, move later to more proper place MEDITERRANEAN Mediterranean KOPET-DAG N.Iran,Kopet Dag,S.Turkmenistan :SYRIA-IRAN :CAUCASUS-ELBURS :TURANIAN :HINDUKUSH # BINDER-PALESTINE Palestine,Lebanon,Israel :SYRIA-IRAN :ASIA-MINOR :ARABIA BINDER-URALS Urals :EU-TAIGA :EU-TUNDRA :EU-FOREST :WSIBERIA-TAIGA :SIBERIA-TUNDRA :ASIA-STEPPE :EU-STEPPE BINDER-TAIWAN Taiwan :SCHINA SA-BRAZIL-BAHIA SA,Brazil,E.Brazil,Bahia,Maranhao,Piaui,Ceara,Rio Grande do Norte,Paraiba,Pernambuco :SA-BRAZIL-CAMPOS :SA-BRAZIL-SOUTH :SA-AMAZON-PARA # A guesswork = Middle Asia,C.Asia,AC,Central Asia *C.Asia Kazakhstan,N.Kasakhstan,S.Urals,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Pamirs,Tien Shan,Altai,Sajan,Afghanistan # For some names the action of stripping the S/W/N/E/etc when # not found, creates too large areas. Until better defintions # are found, have self referencing lines here to prevent it. *E.Canada E.Canada *W.Canada W.Canada *S.Canada S.Canada *N.Canada N.Canada *NE.Canada NE.Canada *NW.Canada NW.Canada *SE.Canada SE.Canada *SW.Canada SW.Canada *E.USA E.USA *W.USA W.USA *S.USA S.USA *N.USA N.USA *C.USA C.USA *NE.USA NE.USA *NW.USA NW.USA *SE.USA SE.USA *SW.USA SW.USA *E.Siberia E.Siberia *W.Siberia W.Siberia *S.Siberia S.Siberia *N.Siberia N.Siberia *NE.Siberia Far East *NW.Siberia NW.Siberia *SW.Siberia SW.Siberia *SE.Siberia SE.Siberia *C.Russia C.Russia *E.Russia E.Russia *W.Russia W.Russia *S.Russia S.Russia *N.Russia N.Russia *NE.Russia NE.Russia *NW.Russia NW.Russia *SE.Russia SE.Russia *SW.Russia SW.Russia *SW.Asia SW.Asia *W.Asia W.Asia,SW.Asia *E.Asia E.Asia,NE.Asia *N.Asia AP *S.Asia AS *NE.Asia NE.Asia *NW.Asia NW.Asia *SE.Asia SE.Asia,S.China,Indo China *NE.China Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,Hebei,Beijing,Tianjin *NW.China Xinjiang *N.China NE.China *E.Europe E.Europe *W.Europe W.Europe *N.Europe N.Europe *S.Europe S.Europe *NE.Europe NE.Europe *NW.Europe NW.Europe *SE.Europe SE.Europe *SW.Europe SW.Europe *C.Africa C.Africa *E.Africa E.Africa *N.Africa N.Africa *S.Africa S.Africa *W.Africa W.Africa *NW.Africa NW.Africa *NE.Africa NE.Africa *SW.Africa SW.Africa *SE.Africa SE.Africa *Temperate Asia AM,Caucasus,Iran,Pakistan,C.Asia,S.Siberia,China,Mongolia,Amur,Japan,Tibet *Temperate Eurasia Temperate Asia,SEU,CEU,WEU *S.Palearctic SEU,CEU,WEU,Temperate Asia *W.Palearctic EU,SW.Asia *E.Palearctic E.Palearctic *N.Palearctic NEU,Siberia # # Combined regions (must be done last!) # *Siberia W.Siberia,C.Siberia,E.Siberia,N.Siberia,S.Siberia *Asia AP,AS *Palearctic EU,NAF,AP *Nearctic Canada,USA,Alaska *Holarctic Palearctic,Nearctic *Neotropical CA,SA *Tropical Tropical Africa,AS,Neotropical *Oriental Region India,Indo-China,S.China,Indonesia,Philippines *Oriental Tropics S.India,Indo-China,S.China