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Goto:

Apatura Fabricius, 1807

Emperors
Apatura Fabricius, 1807; Magazin f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 280, TS: Papilio iris Linnaeus
Aeola Billberg, 1820; Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 78, TS: Papilio iris Linnaeus
Apaturia Sodoffsky, 1837; Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6) : 81 (unj. emend. Apatura Fabricius, 1807)
Potamis Hübner, [1806]; Tentamen determinationis digestionis ...: [1] (rejected), TS: Papilio iris Linnaeus
Apatura, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Apatura, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Apatura (Nymphalinae) ; Moore, [1881], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (2): 57
Apatura (Nymphalidae) ; [BRU2, 13]
Apatura (Apaturinae) ; [Wahlberg]

Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)

EU, Temperate Asia. See [About maps] Häiveperhonen Purple Emperor Stor skimmerfjäril Irisfjäril Großer Schillerfalter Le Grand Mars Tornasolada Mieniak tęczowiec
Papilio iris Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1 : 476, TL: Germany, England
suspirans (Poda, 1761)
junonia (Borkhausen, 1788)
rubescens (Esper, 1781) (Papilio); Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (4): 109, pl. 71, f. 2-3
f. jole (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Apatura pallas Leech, 1890; Entomologist 23 : 190, TL: Chia-Kou-Ho

= ; [Bernard Rond, (form/aberration. Known only from one male)]

f. chrysina Oberthür, 1909
Papilio beroe Fabricius, 1793
Apatura iris, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Apatura iris, Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera [Kimmo Silvonen]
Apatura iris, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]
Apatura iris, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Apatura iris, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Apatura iris, Captain's European Butterfly Guide [Simon Coombes]
Chitoria pallas ; [MRS, 434]
Apatura iris ; [BOW: pl. 2, f. 21]; [EBW]; [MRS, 426]; [BARU, #114]; [Wahlberg]; [Otakar Kudrna]

450x288 (~54Kb) upperside France, Bretagne (Brittany), Bois De Lorge, 9 July 1997, Photo © Simon Coombes	450x367 (~55Kb) upperside France, Bretagne (Brittany), Bois De Lorge, 9 July 1997, Photo © Simon Coombes	491x486 (~49Kb) underside France, Bretagne (Brittany), Bois De Lorge, 9 July 1997, Photo © Simon Coombes
400x600 (~38Kb) pupa Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	600x400 (~44Kb) Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	600x400 (~50Kb) upperside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch
470x336 (~96Kb) upperside Czech Republic, Blansko, 22.7.2004, Photo © Michal Koupż	470x458 (~84Kb) underside Czech Republic, Blansko, 22.7.2004, Photo © Michal Koupż	470x324 (~85Kb) upperside Czech Republic, Blansko, 22.7.2004, Photo © Michal Koupż
470x411 (~94Kb) underside Czech Republic, Blansko, 22.7.2004, Photo © Michal Koupż

Larva on Salicaceae, Salix caprea, S. cinerea [SPRK]

A. i. bieti Oberthür, 1885

Tibet, W.China, C.China Apatura iris bieti Oberthür, 1885; , TL: Sichuan
?Apatura iris likiangensis Mell, 1952; , TL: Lijiang, NW. Yunnan

= ?; Huang, 2003, Neue Ent. Nachr. 55: 90

Apatura bieti ; [BOW: pl. 193, f. 4]
Apatura iris bieti ; [MRS, 426]; [BRU2, 13]; Huang, 2001

A. i. xanthina Oberthür, 1909

Apatura iris xanthina ; [MRS, 426]; [BRU2, 13]

A. i. kansuensis O. Bang-Haas, 1933

Apatura iris kansuensis ; [BRU2, 13]

A. i. amurensis Stichel, [1909]

Amur, Ussuri recidiva Stichel, [1909]
Apatura iris amurensis, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Apatura iris amurensis ; [BARU]; [BRU2, 13]

A. i. peninsularis Lee & Takamura, 1981

Korea Apatura iris peninsularis Lee & Takamura, 1981; Tyō to Ga 31 (3,4): 135, TL: Mt. Sobaeg, Gueongsang Bugdo

Apatura ilia ([Schiffermüller], 1775)

CEU, SEU, Temperate Asia, Japan. See [About maps] Lesser Purple Emperor Liten Skimmerfjäril Kleiner Schillerfalter Le Petit Mars Tornasolada chica Mieniak strużnik
Papilio ilia [Schiffermüller], 1775; Ankündung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend: 172, TL: Austria
julia (Schranck, 1801)
laura (Viellot, 1821)
?Apatula[sic] ilia f. kamonis Matsumura, 1929; Insecta Matsumurana 3 (2/3) : 93, pl. 4, f. 15, TL: Kyoto
Apatura ilia, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Apatura ilia, Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera [Kimmo Silvonen]
Apatura ilia, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]
Apatura ilia, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Apatura ilia, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Apatura ilia, Captain's European Butterfly Guide [Simon Coombes]
Apatura ilia ; [BOW: pl. 1, f. 11]; [MRS, 427]; [BARU, #115]; [BRU2: 14, pl. 3, f. 1-8]; [Wahlberg]; [Otakar Kudrna]

470x426 (~83Kb) underside Czech Republic, Blansko, 22.VII.2004, Photo © Michal Koupż	470x326 (~98Kb) upperside Czech Republic, Blansko, 4.8.2004 © Michal Koupż	625x525 (~115Kb) upperside female Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 12.8.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov
658x559 (~109Kb) upperside female Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 12.8.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov	852x1024 (~147Kb) upperside underside male Russia, Moscow area, 30.6.2010 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov

Larva on Salix, Populus tremula, P. nigra [H&R]

A. i. ilia

CEU, SEU, Caucasus, SW.Siberia

carolina Serville, 1821 parisia Serville, 1821 carueli Le Moult, 1947

juno Le Moult, 1947 minerva Le Moult, 1947 russica Le Moult, 1947

Apatura ilia ilia ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. praeclara Bollow, 1930

Transbaikalia, Amur, Ussuri

submarginalis Kishida & Nakamura, 1934 Apatura ilia ussuriensis Kurenzov, 1937 koreilia Bryk, 1946

bernardii Le Moult, 1947 orientalis Le Moult, 1947

Apatura ilia ussuriensis ; [BARU]
Apatura ilia praeclara ; [BRU2, 14]

800x600 (~97Kb) underside male A road crossing a woody (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) brook valley between the villages Budyumkan and Uryupino 5-7 km of the former, Gazimurskozavodskoi District, E Chita Province, E Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia. 25th July 1997, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

Larva on Populus maximowiczii [BRU2, 14]

A. i. here C. & R. Felder, 1862

Apatura here C. & R. Felder, 1862; Wien. ent. Monats. 6 (1): 27
serarum Oberthür, 1891
Apatura here, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Apatura ilia here ; [MRS, 427]; [BARU, 14]

A. i. phaedra Leech, 1892

yunnanensis Le Moult, 1947
Apatura ilia phaedra ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. hereoides O. Bang-Haas, 1933

Apatura ilia hereoides ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. herastituta O. Bang-Haas, 1936

Apatura ilia herastituta ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. pusilla O. Bang-Haas, 1936

Apatura ilia pusilla ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. szechwanensis Le Moult, 1947

Apatura ilia szechwanensis ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. extensa Le Moult, 1947

Apatura ilia extensa ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. subsobrina Mell, 1952

Apatura ilia subsobrina ; [BRU2, 14]

A. i. sobrina Stichel

Apatura ilia sobrina ; [MRS, 427]

A. i. serarum Oberthür

Apatura serarum ; [BOW: pl. 193, f. 4 (text only)]
Apatura ilia serarum ; [MRS, 427]

A. i. yunnana Mell, 1952

Yunnan Apatura ilia yunnana ; [MRS, 427]

A. i. huapingensis Yoshino, 1998

Guanxi Apatura ilia huapingensis Yoshino, 1998; Neo Lepidoptera 3: 4, f. 17-18, TL: Lonshen, Guanxi

Apatura metis Freyer, 1829

SE.Europe, SW.Siberia, Kazakhstan. See [About maps] Freyer's Purple Emperor
Apatura metis Freyer, 1829; Beitr. eur. Schmett. 2: 67, TL: Hungary
Apatura iris abramovi Kurentzov, 1970; , TL: Goryun River
Apatura ilia krylovi Kurentzov, 1937; , TL: Sikhote-Alin, northern coastal region
f. coelestina Grum-Grshimailo, 1884
Apatura metis, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Apatura metis, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Apatura metis, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Apatura metis, Captain's European Butterfly Guide [Simon Coombes]
Apatura metis f. abramovi ; [BARU]
Apatura metis f. krylovi ; [BARU]
Apatura metis ; [MRS, 429]; [BARU, #116]; [BRU2: 14, pl. 4, f. 1-13]; [Wahlberg]; [Otakar Kudrna]

A. m. bunea Heriich-Schäffer, [1845]

S.European Russia, Caucasus gertraudis Stichel, [1909]
oberthueri Le Moult, 1947
Apatura metis bunea ; [BRU2, 14]

A. m. substituta Butler, 1873

Japan Apatura substituta Butler, 1873; Cist. Ent. 1 (7) : 159, TL: N.China; Japan
gifuensis Matsumura
takanonins Matsumura, 1919
Apatura ilia yanagawensis Matsumura, 1928; Insecta Matsumurana 2 (4) : 199, TL: Kiushu
japonica Le Moult, 1947
Apatura ilia substituta f. kwangnunga Murayama, 1963; Tyō to Ga 14 (2): 45, f. 11-12, TL: Japan
Apatura metis substituta, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Apatura substituta ; [BOW: pl. 1, f. 12 (text only)]
Apatura ilia substituta ; [MRS, 427]
Apatura metis substituta ; [BARU]; [BRU2, 14]

800x600 (~99Kb) male The Onon River righht bank floodland, 7 km upstream of the village Nizhnii Tsasuchei, SE Chita Province, Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia, 5th July 1995, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

533x400 (~43Kb) underside male The Onon River righht bank floodland, 7 km upstream of the village Nizhnii Tsasuchei, SE Chita Province, Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia, 1st July 1995, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

800x600 (~110Kb) underside female The Onon River left bank floodland, 5 km upstream of the village Nizhnii Tsasuchei, SE Chita Province, Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia, 1st July 1996, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

A. m. irtyshika Korshunov, 1982

SW.Siberia Apatura metis irtyshika, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Apatura metis irtyshika ; [Oleg Kosterin]; [BRU2, 14]

400x300 (~39Kb) upperside male Wet ground, at willow thickets, on a bank of the Irtysh River left arm within the Omsk City, West Siberia, Russia. 30th August 1994, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

A. m. separata Tuzov, 2000

Transbaikalia Apatura metis separata ; [BRU2, 14]

A. m. heijona Matsumura, 1928

Korea, Amur, Ussuri Apatura metis heijona Matsumura, 1928; Insecta Matsumurana 2 (4) : 198, TL: Korea
gracilis O. Bang-Haas, 1936
asiatica Le Moult, 1947
Apatura metis heijona ; Kawazoe & Wakabayachi, 1977; [BRU2, 14]

A. m. doii Matsumura, 1928

Kurile Is. Apatura ilia doii Matsumura, 1928; Insecta Matsumurana 2 (4) : 199, TL: Kuriles
Apatura metis dorii[sic?] ; Kawazoe & Wakabayachi, 1977
Apatura metis doii ; [BARU]; [BRU2, 14]

Apatura laverna Leech, 1893

-. See [About maps] Apatura laverna Leech, 1893; Butts China Japan Corea (1): 194
Apatura laverna, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Apatura laverna, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Apatura laverna ; [BOW: pl. 193, f. 7]; [MRS, 429]; [Bernard Rond]; [Wahlberg]

A. l. laverna

Sichuan, Shaanxi Apatura laverna leii Chou, 1994; in Chou, Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium 1-2: 760, 429, TL: Ningshan, Shaanxhi

= ; Yoshino, 1999, Neo Lepidoptera 4: 2

A. l. yunlingensis Yoshino, 1999

N.Yunnan Apatura laverna yunlingensis Yoshino, 1999; Neo Lepidoptera 4: 2, f. 3, 7, TL: Weisi, N. Yunnan

24.1.2013 (4)

References:

[About maps]

Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.

[BARU]

Korshunov & Gorbunov; Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia; English translation by Oleg Kosterin; [Dnevnye babochki aziatskoi chasti Rossii. Spravochnik]

[BOW]

Lewis, 1974; Butterflies of the World; ISBN 0 245 52097 X

[BRU2]

Tuzov (ed.), Bogdanov, Churkin, Devyatkin, Dantchenko, Murzin, Samodurov, Zhdanko, 2000; Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories; Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae; Volume 2

[Bernard Rond]

e-mail: Bernard Rond

[CiNii]

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/

[D. Smirnov]

Russia, Moscow; e-mail: D. Smirnov

[EBW]

Smart, Paul, 1976; The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World; ISBN 0 600 31381 6

[ESP]

Heppner, 1981; The dates of E. J. C. Esper's Die Schmetterlinge in Abblidungen... 1776-[1830]; Archives of Natural History (1981) 10 (2): 251-254

[H&R]

Higgins, L.G, Riley, N.D, 1970; A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe

[HBN]

Francis Hemming, 1937; HÜBNER, A bibliographical and systematic account of the entomological works of Jacob Hübner and of the supplements thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried Franz von Frölich and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer, Vol 1 & 2

[Kimmo Silvonen]

Espoo, Finland; Kimmo's Lep Site

[LAMAS-NEO]

Gerardo Lamas; Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)

[MBE]

Moths and Butteflies of Europe; Paolo Mazzei, Diego Reggianti and Ilaria Pimpinelli; http://www.leps.it/

[MRS]

Chou Io (Ed.); Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium, 1-2

[Mario Maier]

Europäische Schmetterlinge; e-mail: Mario Maier

[Michael Borsch]

Geesthacht, Germany; contact through; e-mail: Francisco Welter-Schultes

[Michal Koupż]

Czech Republic

[Oleg Kosterin]

Institue of Cytology & Genetics; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/

[SPRK]

Seppänen, E. J, 1970; Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit, Animalia Fennica 14

[SVF]

Svenska fjärilar; Naturhistoriska riksmuseet; (Sweden)

[SZMN]

Lepidoptera; Siberian Zoological Museum

[Simon Coombes]

1 Park Street, Plymouth, PL3 4BL, UK; 01752 607854; e-mail: Simon Coombes; http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk

[Wahlberg]

Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group

Some related literature:

Butler, 1873

Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera Cist. Ent. 1 (7) : 151-177

Esper, 1781

Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Theil I. Die Tagschmetterlinge. Fortsetzung. Band 2 Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (1): 1-36, pl. 51-56 (1780), (2): 37-68, pl. 57-62 (1781), (3): 69-100, pl. 63-68 (1781), (4): 101-124, pl. 69-74 (1781), (5): 125-140, pl. 75-80 (1782), (7): 141-156, pl. 81-82 (1783), (8): 157-172, pl. 83-88 (1783), (9): 173-184, pl. 89-92 (1784), (28): 185-190, pl. 93 (1786)

Fabricius, 1807

Systema Glossatorum. Die neueste Gattungs-Eintheilung der Schmetterlinge aus den Linnéischen Gattungen Papilio und Sphinx Magazin f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 277-295

C. & R. Felder, 1862

Observationes de Lepidoteris nonullis Chinae centralis et Japoniae Wien. ent. Monats. 6 (1): 22-32, (2): 33-40

Freyer, 1829

Beiträge zur Geschichte europäischer Schmetterlinge mit Abbildungen nach der Natur Beitr. eur. Schmett. 2: 166pp, pl. 49-96

Huang, 2003

A list of butterflies collected from Nujiang (Lou Tse Kiang) and Dulongiang, China with descriptions of new species, and revisional notes Neue Ent. Nachr. 55: 3-114

Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen determinationis digestionis alque denominationis singlarum stripium Lepidopterorum, peritisad inspiciendum et dijudicandum communicatum, a Jacob Hübner Tentamen determinationis digestionis ...: -

Lee & Takamura, 1981

On a New Subspecies of the Purple Emperor, Apatura iris (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from the Republic of Korea Tyō to Ga 31 (3,4): 133-141

Leech, 1890

New species of Lepidoptera from China Entomologist 23 : 26-50, 81-83, : 109-114, : 187-192, pl. 1

Leech, 1893

Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea Butts China Japan Corea (1): 1-297, pl. 1-28 (1892-1894), (2): 297-681, pl. 29-43 (1893-1894)

Linnaeus, 1758

Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1 : 1-338, : 339-824

Matsumura, 1928

New Butterflies especially from the Kuriles Insecta Matsumurana 2 (4) : 191-201

Matsumura, 1929

New butterflies from Japan, Korea and Formosa Insecta Matsumurana 3 (2/3) : 87-107, pl. 4

Moore, [1881]

The Lepidoptera of Ceylon Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 1-40, pl. 1-18 (Dec 1880), (2): 41-80, pl. 19-36 (Jan 1881), (3): 81-136, pl. 37-54 (Jun 1881), (4): 137-190, pl. 55-71 (Dec 1881)

Murayama, 1963

Remarks on some butterflies from Japan and Korea, with descriptions of 2 races, 1 form, 4 aberrant forms Tyō to Ga 14 (2): 43-50

Sodoffsky, 1837

Entomologische untersuchungen ueber die Gattungsnamen der Schmetterlinge Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6) : 76-97

Yoshino, 1998

New Butterflies from China 4 Neo Lepidoptera 3: 1-7

Yoshino, 1999

New Butterflies from China 5 Neo Lepidoptera 4: 1-10

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.